The PD-1/PD-L1 Axis in the Pathogenesis of Urothelial Bladder Cancer and Evaluating its Potential as a Therapeutic Target

Antonio D Bardoli1 University of Birmingham Medical School, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK

Mehran Afshar2 Cancer Research Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

Richard Viney3 University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

Mike Foster4 Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

Emilio Porfiri3 University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

Anjali Zarkar3 University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

Robert Stevenson3 University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

Nicholas D James2 Cancer Research Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

Richard T Bryan5 Institute of Cancer & Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

Prashant Patel5 Institute of Cancer & Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK;3 University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UKCorrespondence[email protected]

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Financial & competing interests disclosure

P Patel has been paid speaker fees by Astellas and Roche. ND James has contributed to advisory boards for Merck USA and Pierre Fabre. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.

No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

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The PD-1/PD-L1 Axis in the Pathogenesis of Urothelial Bladder Cancer and Evaluating its Potential as a Therapeutic Target

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The PD-1/PD-L1 Axis in the Pathogenesis of Urothelial Bladder Cancer and Evaluating its Potential as a Therapeutic Target

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