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Abstract
SUMMARY Ultrasound-guided procedures are well established and utilized in the regional anesthesia and radiology practice. Conversely, there have been considerable difficulties in implementation of ultrasound in pain medicine. Ultrasonography has to compete with the more established modalities such as fluoroscopy and computed tomography; however, ultrasound has the advantage of radiation safety and point-of care imaging. It also allows direct visualization of tissue planes, blood vessels and nerves. Ultrasound-guided spine interventions are technically feasible and reasonably accurate when validated with conventional radiological modalities. Epidural, zygapophysial joint and caudal injection techniques have been published. The main pitfall of the ultrasound-guided spinal procedures lies in the inability to diagnose intravascular injections. Future technological improvements will help to solve this problem. Diagnostic spinal sonography may also contribute to the practice of medicine helping in the clinical workup of scoliosis and paraspinal pathology.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank D Krashin for helping with the preparation of the manuscript.
Financial & competing interests disclosure
The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties. No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.