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Abstract
The second congress to restore the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF), held on February 13-14, 1993, was a turning point in the post-August period of development of the Communist movement within the Russian Federation and the former USSR as a whole. The CPRF, with its 400,000 members and its organizations in all regions of Russia, turned out from its inception to be without rival, either among its opponents or among its allies. The weakening and decline in popularity of the country's leadership and of "Democratic Russia," the movement supporting them, has been attributable to the effects of the radical market reforms which, compounded by the helplessness of the centrist opposition, has sharply increased the chances of the Communists in the political struggle. Therefore, more than academic interest attaches to the question of why the Communists preserved their influence in Russia and the former USSR during the period from August 1991 to February 1993, under extremely unfavorable conditions.