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Original Article

Early Detection of Hearing Impairment in a Developing Country: What Options?: Identificación temprana de problemas auditivos en países en desarrollo: ¿Qué opciones hay?

Pages 141-147 | Received 30 Oct 2000, Published online: 07 Jul 2009
 

Abstract

The concept of early detection is often predicated on a specified time-interval for optimal neural development in early childhood. This has been facilitated by advances in objective screening methods such as auditory brainstem response (ABR) and otoacoustic emissions (OAE). However, the prospects for this trend in developing countries remain doubtful, because of adverse socio-economic conditions. Consequently, the relative effectiveness of available tests was evaluated to determine the most viable option for mass screening based on findings from a broader study among 359 school entrants (mean age 6.7 years) in Lagos. The specificity of the questionnaire for detecting hearing loss was 94.0 per cent as against 62.4 per cent for otoscopy and 84.0 per cent for tympanometry. The sensitivities for the three methods were 10.0 per cent, 56.0 per cent and 52.0 per cent, while the positive predictive values were 21.7 per cent, 19.4 per cent and 34.6 per cent respectively. Notwithstanding its limitations, the administration of a well-structured questionnaire at school entry, complemented with parental education, may constitute the inevitable and immediate option for an early detection program in a developing country.

El concepto de identificación temprana en neonatos en un lapso específico que favorezca el desarrollo neural en la infancia temprana ha sido promovido por los avances tecnológicos como los potenciales evocados auditivos y las emisiones otoacusticas. Sin embargo, las posibilidades de utilizar estas herramientas en los países en desarrollo son aun inciertas debido a condiciones socio-ecónomicas adversas. Por ello, con base en los resultados de un estudio de 359 escolares (edad promedio 6.7 años) en Lagos, se evaluó la eficacia relativa de las pruebas disponibles para determinar la opción más viable para la identificación masiva. La especificidad del cuestionario para determinar hipoacusia fue del 94%, la otoscopia del 62.4% y la timpoanometría del 84%. La sensibilidad de los tres metodos fue del 10, 56 y 52% mientras que los valores predictivos positivos fueron del 21.7, 19.4 y 34.6% respectivamente. A pesar de sus limitaciones, la aplicación de un muestrario bien estructurado al ingreso escolar, complementado con la educación de los padres puede constituir la opción más viable e inmediata para un programa de identificación temprana de problemas auditivos en países en desarrollo.

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