Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, plasma protein binding and disposition of nalidixic acid in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Abstract

1. The pharmacokinetics, disposition and bioavailability of nalidixic acid were examined in Rainbow Trout following i.v. and per os administration (5 mg/kg).

2. Nalidixic acid was biexponentially eliminated from plasma following i.v. Dosing (t_1/2α =0.06 h, t_1/2β = 23.0 h). The volume of distribution (V_ss) and total body clearance (Cl_b) were 964.7 ml/kg and 31.5ml/kg/h, respectively.

3. In vitro plasma protein binding was specific and saturable over a range of concentrations from 0.43 μM to 20.0 mM. Binding was approx. 26% at kinetically relevant plasma concentrations.

4. Apparent oral bioavailability was determined to be > 100%, suggesting that nalidixic acid was largely bioavailable and non-linear pharmacokinetics were evoked.

5. Oral studies demonstrated the highest ¹⁴C nalidixic acid equivalent concentrations in bile, intestine and liver. Muscle contained intermediate concentrations but among all organs accounted for the greatest total amount of drug (12.2% of dose). Mass balance studies demonstrated composite values for per cent of dose administered of 23.7,18.8, 8.5, 10.0, 7.4 and 2.3% for 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 15 days, respectively.

6. A glucuronic acid conjugate of nalidixic acid was identified by n.m.r. and mass spectral analysis as the single primary metabolite.