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ABSTRACT
Non-mydriatic ocular fundus photography is a promising alternative to direct ophthalmoscopy, particularly when combined with telemedicine. This review discusses these technologies from a longitudinal perspective: past, present, and future. The focus is directed to the role that non-mydriatic fundus photography and telemedicine have played in medical research and patient care, with emphasis on the major advances to date. Also discussed are the challenges to their widespread application and their substantial promise for revitalizing the importance of the ocular fundus examination in patient care, providing improved access to ophthalmic consultative services, and facilitating clinical and epidemiologic research.
Declaration of interest: This study was supported in part by an unrestricted departmental grant (Department of Ophthalmology) from Research to Prevent Blindness, Inc., New York, and by NIH/NEI core grant P30-EY06360 (Department of Ophthalmology). Dr. Bruce receives research support from the NIH/NEI (K23-EY019341). Dr. Newman is a recipient of the Research to Prevent Blindness Lew R. Wasserman Merit Award. The authors have no relevant financial disclosures. The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.