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Abstract
Although injuries to the medial collateral ligament (MCL) can heal functionally without surgical intervention, the collagen fibers in the healing tissue remain compromised. The molecular basis for this poor healing potential was investigated by examining extracellular matrix-modifying molecules such as bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP-1), procollagen C proteinase enhancer (PCOLCE), lysyl oxidase (LOX), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) involved in collagen fibrillogenesis during normal early postnatal ligament maturation and at comparable intervals after MCL injury. Samples of midsections of rabbit MCLs were collected from 3-, 6-, 14-, and 52-week-old normal animals and at 3, 6, and 14 weeks postinjury.
Harvested midsubstance tissues were analyzed for collagen fibril diameter by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and mRNA levels were assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results showed different patterns of expression between normal MCL maturation and during scar maturation. BMP-1 and PCOLCE mRNA levels were upregulated in the 3–14-week period during maturation of normal ligaments but decreased at skeletal maturity. The scar tissue exhibited a 3.5-fold increase in PCOLCE mRNA levels during the early healing phase, but these decreased with time. After injury, BMP-1 mRNA levels in scars were low and did not change during healing. Both LOX and TGF-β1 mRNA levels were low during normal MCL development compared with levels at maturity and exhibited elevated mRNA levels during early healing that decreased with time postinjury. These results suggest that gene expression in scars during MCL healing does not recapitulate expression in normal ligament fibroblasts during maturation.