The effect of smoking on response and drug survival in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with their first anti-TNF drug

Abstract

Objectives: Smoking has been associated with higher disease activity and poor response to anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We wanted to study the effect of smoking on response to therapy, disease activity measures, and drug survival in RA patients starting their first anti-TNF drug.

Methods: In 2005, RA patients in a voluntary rheumatology biologics register in Southern Sweden answered a questionnaire that included smoking habits. The primary endpoint comprised the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) response criteria at 3, 6, and 12 months. Secondary endpoints were the Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI), Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) response criteria, and drug survival.

Results: Between 1999 and 2005, 23% of RA patients (216/934) in Southern Sweden were current smokers at the start of anti-TNF therapy. Smoking did not influence disease activity at baseline. Heavy smokers had the poorest drug survival. Current smoking was a negative predictive factor for EULAR response at the 3-month follow-up [odds ratio (OR) 0.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.32–0.87, p = 0.012], and for SDAI response at 3 months (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.27–0.77, p = 0.003) and 6 months (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.25–0.88, p = 0.02). A pack-year history of 11–20 was a negative predictive factor for SDAI response at 12 months (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.13–0.70, p = 0.005). Smokers had higher visual analogue scale (VAS) global scores, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) at 3 months.

Conclusion: Current smoking was predictive of poor response to anti-TNF treatment for up to 12 months and heavy smokers had the poorest drug survival.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by grants from the Swedish Society of Medicine, the Research Department of the County Council of Halland, the Swedish Rheumatism Association, the Crafoord, Österlund, and Kock Foundations, the King Gustav V 80-year Jubilee Fund, Lund University Hospital, Region Skåne, and the Faculty of Medicine, Lund University.

We thank Jan-Åke Nilsson for invaluable help with the statistical analyses. We are grateful to all of our colleagues and the staff at the South Swedish Arthritis Treatment Group for their cooperation and provision of data. We also thank the staff at the Spenshult Research and Development Centre for help with distribution of the questionnaire.