Sleep, Sleepiness, Fatigue, and Performance of 12-Hour-Shift Nurses

Abstract

Nurses working 12-h shifts complain of fatigue and insufficient/poor-quality sleep. Objectively measured sleep times have not been often reported. This study describes sleep, sleepiness, fatigue, and neurobehavioral performance over three consecutive 12-h (day and night) shifts for hospital registered nurses. Sleep (actigraphy), sleepiness (Karolinska Sleepiness Scale [KSS]), and vigilance (Performance Vigilance Task [PVT]), were measured serially in 80 registered nurses (RNs). Occupational fatigue (Occupational Fatigue Exhaustion Recovery Scale [OFER]) was assessed at baseline. Sleep was short (mean 5.5 h) between shifts, with little difference between day shift (5.7 h) and night shift (5.4 h). Sleepiness scores were low overall (3 on a 1–9 scale, with higher score indicating greater sleepiness), with 45% of nurses having high level of sleepiness (score  > 7) on at least one shift. Nurses were progressively sleepier each shift, and night nurses were sleepier toward the end of the shift compared to the beginning. There was extensive caffeine use, presumably to preserve or improve alertness. Fatigue was high in one-third of nurses, with intershift fatigue (not feeling recovered from previous shift at the start of the next shift) being most prominent. There were no statistically significant differences in mean reaction time between day/night shift, consecutive work shift, and time into shift. Lapsing was traitlike, with rare (39% of sample), moderate (53%), and frequent (8%) lapsers. Nurses accrue a considerable sleep debt while working successive 12-h shifts with accompanying fatigue and sleepiness. Certain nurses appear more vulnerable to sleep loss than others, as measured by attention lapses. (Author correspondence: [email protected])

Keywords:

• Attention
• Extended work hours
• Fatigue, Neurocognition
• Nurses
• Sleep deprivation
• Sleepiness
• Vigilance
• Work schedule tolerance

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Funding for this work was from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, R21OH008392 (Dr. Geiger-Brown, principal investigator [PI]), and the National Institutes of Health, National Center for Research Resources, 1K12RR023250 (Dr. Alan Shuldiner, PI; Dr. Geiger-Brown, awardee)

Declaration of Interest: The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.