The Effect of Isobutylmethylxanthine, Forskolin, and Cholera Toxin on Growth Hormone Release From Pituitary Cell Cultures of Perinatal and Mature Rats

Abstract

The factors that regulate growth hormone (GH) release during the perinatal period are not well understood. Circulating GH levels are markedly elevated in mammalian fetuses and newborns compared with mature animals, and the immature pituitary is highly responsive to the GH-stimulatory effect of GH-releasing factor (GHRF). The etiology of these developmental changes in GH secretion is not known. In order to investigate the mechanisms underlying GH release from immature pituitaries, we tested the effects of agents that increase intracellular cyclic adenosine 3′,5′ monophosphate (cAMP) production independent of the GHRF receptor on GH release from pituitaries of developing and mature rats. Pituitary cell cultures from fetal (day 20 of gestation), newborn (postnatal day 2), juvenile (postnatal day 12–15), adult male (3–4 months), and adult female (3–4 months) rats were tested with isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX; 0.001–1.0 mM), forskolin (0.01–10μM), and cholera toxin (0.025–25 ng/ml). IBMX, forskolin, and cholera toxin stimulated GH release in a dose-dependent manner from pituitary cultures of all age groups. However, the magnitude of the GH responses to these agents was highly age-dependent. Perinatal pituitaries exhibited markedly greater GH responses to IBMX, forskolin, and cholera toxin than did those of mature animals (P < 0.001 for age effect with each agent). GH release in response to the highest dose of IBMX (1 mM) was 301 ± 8, 389 ± 37, 296 ± 33, 198 ± 14, and 187 ± 19% of control values from pituitary cell cultures of fetal, newborn, juvenile, adult male, and adult female rats, respectively (P < 0.001). In response to the highest dose of forskolin (10 μM) GH release was 537 ± 46, 601 ± 75, 274 ± 22, 270 ± 37, and 248 ± 35% of control values in the same respective age groups (P < 0.001). Similarly, the highest dose of cholera toxin (25 ng/ml) stimulated GH release to 407 ± 55, 365 ± 43, 249 ± 26, 186 ± 11, and 186 ± 1% of controls in these respective age groups (P < 0.003). The marked stimulation of GH release from perinatal pituitaries by IBMX, forskolin, and cholera toxin is consistent with the concept that cAMP is a potent mediator of GH release from immature as well as mature somatotrophs. The developmental changes in the GH secretory response to these agents further suggest that signal transduction pathways mediating GH release may undergo maturation, at least in part, at intrasomatotroph loci distal to the GHRF receptor.