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Abstract
The investigation presented was aimed at studying microecological phenomena during and after microbial penetration of the gap between restoration and tooth substance and to verify our theory on 'microbiosphere in the marginal gap after filling'. Eighty-two teeth filled with different restorative materials were investigated by means of a combination of methods including light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. During bacterial invasion into the space between a restoration and the tooth phenomena of microbial viability such as bacterial adherence, interaction, proliferation, penetration, and metabolism were observed. The relevance of these phenomena for microbial penetration along the restoration/tooth interface and their relationship to the onset of secondary carious lesions is discussed.