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Abstract
Aim: The role of metal exposure in the development of autoimmune disease (AID) is still controversial. Here, we studied the relationship between oral metal exposure, metal allergy and autoimmunity. Methods: A mixed population (n = 78) of non-allergic volunteers, metal-allergic patients and patients with oral problems putatively due to metal alloys was evaluated for oral Ni, Pd, Au and Hg exposure and skin hypersensitivity. Clinical autoimmune parameters were based on medical histories; additionally, serum levels of the four most common autoantibodies were measured. Results: Skin hypersensitivity, as seen mainly for Ni and/or Pd, was not positively associated with autoimmune parameters. In contrast, metal hypersensitive individuals showed an extremely low frequency of thyroid autoantibodies (3% vs 20% in non-hypersensitive controls). Next, the relation between metal exposure and autoimmunity was evaluated in individuals >35 years (n = 58), since from that age on metal exposure had plateaued and was not correlated with age. In this subgroup, oral Ni exposure was associated (p < 0.01) with self-reported AID, irrespective of autoantibody levels. These unexpected findings warrant further confirmation in a larger test group. Of note, oral Pd, Au or Hg contacts were not associated with any of the clinical or serological autoimmune phenomena tested. Conclusion: The results of this study support the view that development of metal contact allergies may prevent autoimmune activation, and, second, that oral exposure to Pd, Au or Hg does not facilitate the development of AID.
Acknowledgements
We also thank Francisca Galindo Garre, Epidemiology and Biostatistics VUmc for statistics assistance and Maren C. C. Groven, who wrote a literature review on the subject.
Declaration of interest
This study was financially supported by the Directory General Higher education, Ministry of Education of the Republic of Indonesia. The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.