Modulation of immune response by Vernonia cinerea L. inhibits the proinflammatory cytokine profile, iNOS, and COX-2 expression in LPS-stimulated macrophages

Abstract

The effect of methanolic extract of Vernonia cinerea L. on the immune system was studied using BALB/c mice. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of five doses of the extract (20 mg/kg body weight) was found to enhance the total white blood cell (WBC) count (13,700 ± 463 cells/mm³) on 6th day, bone marrow cellularity (27.9 ± 2.1 × 10⁶ cells/femur) and number of α-esterase positive cells (1184 ± 56.29/4000 cells). Treatment with V. cinerea along with the antigen, sheep red blood cells (SRBC), produced an enhancement in the circulating antibody titre and the number of plaque forming cells (PFC) in the spleen. Maximum number of PFC (304.16 ± 12.4) was obtained on the 6th day. It also enhanced the proliferation of splenocytes, thymocytes and bone marrow cells both in the presence and absence of specific mitogens in vitro and in vivo. Administration of V. cinerea significantly reduced the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced elevated levels of nitric oxide (NO) and proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1 (IL-1β), and IL-6 in mice. Treatment of V. cinerea methanolic extract also showed an enhancement in the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages. Moreover The extract downregulated the inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA expression in LPS-stimulated macrophages. These results indicate the immunomodulatory activity of V. cinerea.

Keywords::

• COX-2
• immunomodulation
• iNOS
• proinflammatory cytokines
• Vernonia cinerea L

Acknowledgement

The authors sincerely thank Dr. Ramadasan Kuttan, Research Director, Amala Cancer Research Centre, for his valuable suggestions.

Declaration of interest

The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.