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Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGF-β1) is a polypeptide involved in a variety of important physiological and pathophysiological processes such as the implantation of the embryo into the endometrium. Many factors seem to be related to this event. TGF-β1 is involved in many mechanisms both in endometrial and in embryonic tissues: it induces proliferation and differentiation, it regulates proteolytic activity and it modulates the maternal immune response. Tins study evaluated the presence of TGF-β1 in the endometrium during normal menstrual cycles and in the uterine fluids during induction of ovulation in the framework of an in vitro fertilization program. Immuno-histochemistry was used to identify TGF-β1 in the endometrium and immunodot-blot to auantitate TGF-β1 in the uterine cavity fluid. The study shows that TGF-β1 is present in the endometrial tissue and its secretion is modulated during the menstrual cycle, as demonstrated immunohistochemically; its production seems to be controlled by ovarian steroids. In conclusion, TGF-β1 influences the growth and differentiation of the embryo, as well as the activation of embryonic proteolytic enzymes, and it modulates the maternal–embryonic immune response. Its variability in the uterine cavity is demonstrated in this study, and the underexpression of TGF-β1 in the uterine cavity might be responsible for failed implantation.
