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Abstract
Introduction: The objective of the study was to investigate the course of psychological distress in early rheumatoid arthritis patients and to explore the strength of its associations with disease-related variables over time. A further aim focused specifically on the associations between social support and psychological distress. Methods: The study had a longitudinal design, with four annual measurements over consecutive years. The course and stability of psychological distress on the individual level were investigated via test–retest correlation coefficients and changes over time were studied using the Friedman test for repeated measurements. Hierarchical regression analysis was performed to analyze the multilinear associations of disease activity, functional disability, joint tenderness, pain and social support with psychological distress. Results: Significant cross-sectional associations were found among functional disability, joint tenderness, pain, emotional support, instrumental support and psychological distress. However, after controlling for the erratic pattern of the disease and the relevant variables, only initial psychological distress and emotional support retained a significant relationship with psychological distress. The final regression model, in which functional disability, pain, emotional support and initial psychological distress were significant variables, explained 36% of the variance in psychological distress. Conclusion: The study stresses the importance of initial psychological distress, which was found to have the highest correlation with psychological distress experienced 4 years later. In addition, higher emotional support and lower pain were found to be the only variables independently associated with lower levels of psychological distress after controlling for the relevant variables.
Implications for Rehabilitation
Psychological distress is a relevant problem in rheumatoid arthritis patients and should be recognized early in the disease as it might reflect a lack of social resources which can be crucial in the further course of the disease.
Special attention should be paid to different types of social support in relation to psychological distress, which might improve targeting psychosocial interventions.
Declaration of interest: This study was financed by the University of Groningen, The Netherlands, by the Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia, and by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under contract No. APVV-20-038305, and the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education of Slovak Republic and the Slovak Academy of Sciences under contract No. VEGA 1/4288/07. The authors report no conflict of interest.