Freezing-induced cellular and membrane dehydration in the presence of cryoprotective agents

Abstract

FTIR and cryomicroscopy have been used to study mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (3T3) during freezing in the absence and presence of DMSO and glycerol. The results show that cell volume changes as observed by cryomicroscopy typically end at temperatures above −15°C, whereas membrane phase changes may continue until temperatures as low as −30°C. This implies that cellular dehydration precedes dehydration of the bound water surrounding the phospholipid head groups. Both DMSO and glycerol increase the membrane hydraulic permeability at subzero temperature and reduce the activation energy for water transport. Cryoprotective agents facilitate dehydration to continue at low subzero temperatures thereby decreasing the incidence of intracellular ice formation. The increased subzero membrane hydraulic permeability likely plays an important role in the cryoprotective action of DMSO and glycerol. In the presence of DMSO water permeability was found to be greater compared to that in the presence of glycerol. Two temperature regimes were identified in an Arrhenius plot of the membrane hydraulic permeability. The activation energy for water transport at temperature ranging from 0 to −10°C was found to be greater than that below −10°C. The non-linear Arrhenius behavior of Lp has been implemented in the water transport model to simulate cell volume changes during freezing. At a cooling rate of 1°C min^-1, ∼5% of the initial osmotically active water volume is trapped inside the cells at −30°C.

Keywords::

• Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
• lipid phase behavior
• membrane hydraulic permeability
• cryobiology

Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG), Cluster of Excellence ‘From regenerative biology to reconstructive therapy' (REBIRTH).

Declaration of interest: The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.