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Abstract
Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an enzyme that catabolises tryptophan – an essential amino acid critical for T cell proliferation. Initially recognized as a first line of host defense against infectious pathogens, IDO has been subsequently identified as an important immune-regulator inhibiting T-cell responses and promoting immune tolerance. Research over the past few years has demonstrated a crucial role for IDO in the pathogenesis of persistent infections that place an enormous burden on public health. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about IDO’s role in causing pathogen persistence and progression to clinical disease. We conclude with a perspective on the potential benefits and risks of therapeutic IDO manipulation.
Search strategy and selection criteria
Data for this review were identified through searches of PubMed. Search terms “IDO”, “tryptophan”, “dendritic cells”, “HIV”, “HCV”, “leishmaniasis”, “tuberculosis”, “malaria”, “listeriosis”, “toxoplasmosis”, “candidasis”, “immunotherapy”, “tolerance”, and “cancer”. Articles resulting from these searches and relevant references cited in those articles were reviewed. Articles published in English were included. References were not limited by year of publication.
Acknowledgements
We thank F. Stoll-Keller and E. Soulier (Inserm U748, Strasbourg) for helpful discussion.
