Smoking during Pregnancy: Changes in Mid-Gestation Angiogenic Factors in Women at Risk of Developing Preeclampsia According to Uterine Artery Doppler Findings

Abstract

Objectives. To ascertain whether angiogenic factors are altered in smokers at increased risk of preeclampsia (PE) according to uterine artery Doppler (UAD) assessment. Methods. Uterine artery mean pulsatility index (PI), maternal placental growth factor (PlGF), and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) serum levels were measured in 125 healthy pregnant women at 24 weeks of gestation. Smoking status was determined based on cotinine levels in maternal blood. Results. Smokers had significantly higher PlGF concentration compared with nonsmokers [median PlGF levels: 575 (511) vs. 277 (259) pg/mL, respectively, p = 0.001]. The differences in PlGF levels were also observed between smokers and nonsmokers within the group of women with abnormal UAD and therefore at high risk of developing PE [median PlGF levels: 472 (434) vs. 235 (169) pg/mL, respectively, p = 0.0005]. In our patient cohort, 16 women developed PE (12.8%), of whom only 3 were smokers [odds ratios (ORs): 0.49; 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.13–1.84)]. In patients who finally developed intrauterine growth restriction, the PlGF/sFlt-1 ratio was significantly higher in the group of smokers compared with that of nonsmokers [0.39 (0.28) vs. 0.13 (0.21), respectively, p = 0.0311]. Conclusion. The effect of smoking in reducing the risk of PE may be due to the increase of PlGF and PlGF/sFlt-1 ratio in maternal blood, even among women with abnormal UAD.

• Preeclampsia
• Angiogenic factors
• Fetal growth restriction
• Smoking in pregnancy
• Uterine artery Doppler

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors are grateful to Christine O’Hara for her help with the English version of the article.

Details of Ethics Approval The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Vall d’Hebron University Hospital on March 21, 2006 with the reference number IP061312.

Funding This work was supported by research grants (05/0870, 06/1213, and 07/1095) from the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria and Maternal and Child Health Development Network SAMID (RD 08/0072) financed by the Carlos III Institute of Health of Spain.

Disclosure of Interest The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the article.