Individualization of Therapy for Hypertension in the 1990′S: The Role of Calcium Antagonists

Abstract

The Joint National Committee Reports IV 1988 and V 1992 have emphasized individualization of drug therapy for patients with hypertension - a departure from the “stepped” care approach of initiating therapy with diuretics as advocated by the JNC I-III in the 1970′s and 1980′s. This review highlights individualization or “patient profiling” using calcium channel blockers as first-line treatment strategy for patients with primary hypertension - especially in the patient who has attendant risk factors and sequelae. The calcium channel antagonists, especially effective in elderly and Black patients, have proven efficacy in reducing left ventricular hypertrophy and improving diastolic function in patients with hypertensive heart disease. The heart rate limiting calcium antagonist, verapamil, has been found effective in outcome trials of reducing death and reinfarction rates post myocardial infarction and is an alternative therapy for the beta blocker intolerant hypertensive post myocardial infarction. More vascular specific dihydropyridines (felodipine, isradipine, and amlodipine) may be preferable to rate limiting agents in hypertensives with sinus node or AV conduction disorders and in those with impaired left ventricular systolic function. Verapamil and diltiazem have been affective in preliminary trials in reducing proteinuria and preserving renal function in both diabetic and non diabetic hypertensives. Calcium channel antagonists appear to prevent the progress of atherosclerosis independent of their antihypertensive properties.

Further, they have theoretic value in improving endothelial mediated vasodilation.