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Abstract
Objective: To investigate the geometry of the glenohumeral joint using three-dimensional (3D) models; define landmarks, planes, angles and regions of interest; and analyze the exact morphology of the scapula.
Materials and Methods: We reconstructed 3D scapula models based on computed tomography (CT) data sets of 12 healthy controls. Three-dimensional models were reconstructed using the 3D Slicer2® (Surgical Planning Lab, Boston, MA), which provides interactive measurement. The 3D model and measuring tools can be freely shifted and rotated in all planes.
Results: The average length of the scapulas was 209.58 ± 26.72 mm (left) and 223.68 ± 47.74 mm (right); width was 124.03 ± 13.28 mm (left) and 141.44 ± 27.78 mm (right); and volume was 121.38 ± 12.02 ml (left) and 130.24 ± 20.86 ml (right). The glenoid dimensions were 34.34 ± 5.62 mm (left) and 36.44 ± 7.36 mm (right) (anteroposterior); and 49.16 ± 7.68 mm (left), 51.46 ± 10.07 mm (right) (superoinferior). For all average values, scapulas from male controls were significantly larger than those from females, and right sides were larger than left sides (p < 0.05). The glenoid version was nearly the same for male/female and left/right (left=9.02 ± 3.89± retroversion; right=8.26 ± 3.72° retroversion) (p ≥ 0.05).
Conclusion: The 3D measurement of scapula morphology compared with geometry of the glenohumeral joint leads to a more precise planning of shoulder surgery. As new shoulder prostheses are intended to reconstruct the normal anatomy as closely as possible, such exact 3D measurements may be used for optimization.