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Abstract
The availability of high-resolution, magnified, and relatively noise-free endoscopic images in a small workspace, 4–10 cm from the endoscope tip, opens up the possibility of using the endoscope as a tracking tool. We are developing a hybrid navigation system in which image-analysis-based 2D–3D tracking is combined with optoelectronic tracking (Optotrak®) for computer-assisted navigation in laparoscopic ventral spine surgeries. Initial results are encouraging and confirm the ability of the endoscope to serve as a tracking tool in surgical navigation where sub-millimetric accuracy is mandatory.