Antifungal potential of Sideroxylon obtusifolium and Syzygium cumini and their mode of action against Candida albicans

Abstract

Context The emergence of resistant pathogens and toxicity of antifungals have encouraged an active search for novel candidates to manage Candida biofilms.

Objective In this study, the little known species Sideroxylon obtusifolium T.D. Penn (Sapotacea) and Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae), from the Caatinga biome in Brazil were chemically characterized and explored for their antifungal potential against C. albicans.

Materials and methods We determined the effects of hydroalcoholic extracts/fractions upon fungal growth (minimum inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations, MIC/MFC), biofilm morphology (scanning electron microscopy) and viability (confocal laser scanning microscopy), proposed their mode of action (sorbitol and ergosterol assays), and finally investigated their effects against macrophage and keratinocyte cells in a cell-based assay. Data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance with Tukey-Kramer post-test (α = 0.05).

Results The n-butanol (Nb) fraction from S. obtusifolium and S. cumini extract (Sc) showed flavonoids (39.11 ± 6.62 mg/g) and saponins (820.35 ± 225.38 mg/g), respectively, in their chemical composition and demonstrated antifungal activity, with MICs of 62.5 and 125 μg/mL, respectively. Nb and Sc may complex with ergosterol as there was a 4–16-fold increase in MICs in the presence of exogenous ergosterol, leading to disrupted permeability of cell membrane. Deleterious effects were observed on morphology and viability of treated biofilms from concentrations as low as their MICs and higher. Sc was not toxic to macrophages and keratinocytes at these concentrations (p > 0.05), unlike Nb.

Conclusions Nb and Sc demonstrated considerable antifungal activity and should be further investigated as potential alternative candidates to treat Candida biofilms.

Keywords:

• Antifungals
• flavonoids
• natural products
• saponins

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Department of Morphology (Microscopy Core), Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, for the technical support in the scanning electron and confocal analyses.

Disclosure statement

The authors have no conflict of interest.

Funding information

This work was supported by São Paulo Research Foundation (SP, Brazil) with grants no. 2013/25080-7, no. 2014/01723-9 and no. 2011/23635-6; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, Brazil) with grants no. 308644/2011-5 and no. 150682/2014-0; and a partnership between the CNPq and the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES, Brazil) with grant no. 552561/2011-8.