A Multitest Approach to Evaluating Ocular Irritation in Vitro

Abstract

Given the number of components scored in the Draize test and the diverse mechanisms leading to distinct clinical signs (opacity, inflammation, necrosis, etc.), no single-endpoint in vitro test is likely to suffice to predict ocular irritation potential. We have sought to develop a test battery to measure these clinical signs to evaluate chemicals for worker safety. The bovine corneal opacity-permeability assay, which measures two endpoints, corneal opacity and loss of integrity of the epithelial cell barrier, has proven to be quite useful. With this combination of endpoints, we find better than an 80% correlation with in vivo ocular irritation data. Cytotoxicity assays, on the other hand, have been of limited use. We have evaluated neutral red uptake, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide dye reduction, and [³H]leucine incorporation and have found that these endpoints show good correlation with in vivo scores only when rankings are made within a single chemical class. In many applications, however, one needs to test across many chemical classes, and in that case the cytotoxicity correlation is relatively poor. Measurement of inflammation is technically difficult, although assessment of release of chemotactic factors or eicosanoids shows some promise. The best overall approach to finding alternatives to in vivo ocular irritation testing is to define a battery of tests in which the endpoints being measured correlate with specific in vivo mechanisms of irritation and which complement one another (i.e., multiple mechanisms measured). Coupling the in vitro results with data generated from historical databases, structure-activity relationships, physicochemical analysis, and other toxicity measurements should give a solid base of information from which ocular irritation potential can be predicted with confidence.

Key Words: :

• In vitro test
• Ocular irritation
• Bovine corneal opacity
• permeability assay
• Cytotoxicity