Trafficking Highways to the Intercalated Disc: New Insights Unlocking the Specificity of Connexin 43 Localization

Abstract

With each heartbeat, billions of cardiomyocytes work in concert to propagate the electrical excitation needed to effectively circulate blood. Regulated expression and timely delivery of connexin proteins to form gap junctions at the specialized cell–cell contact region, known as the intercalated disc, is essential to ventricular cardiomyocyte coupling. We focus this review on several regulatory mechanisms that have been recently found to govern the lifecycle of connexin 43 (Cx43), the short-lived and most abundantly expressed connexin in cardiac ventricular muscle. The Cx43 lifecycle begins with gene expression, followed by oligomerization into hexameric channels, and then cytoskeletal-based transport toward the disc region. Once delivered, hemichannels interact with resident disc proteins and are organized to effect intercellular coupling. We highlight recent studies exploring regulation of Cx43 localization to the intercalated disc, with emphasis on alternatively translated Cx43 isoforms and cytoskeletal transport machinery that together regulate Cx43 gap junction coupling between cardiomyocytes.

Keywords::

• Connexin 43
• internal translation
• transcription
• autoregulation
• trafficking
• cytoskeleton
• intercalated disc
• microtubules
• actin

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Drs. James W. Smyth and Matthew L. Wheeler for helpful discussion and critical review of this manuscript. SS Zhang and RM Shaw are supported by the American Heart Association (Postdoctoral and Established Investigator Awards), as well as by the NIH/NHLBI (RO1).

Declaration of interest: The authors report no declartions of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.