IL-21 and IL-21 receptor in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis

Ghasem GhalamfarsaCellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran;

Mahmoud MahmoudiImmunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;

Mousa Mohammadnia-AfrouziDepartment of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran;

Yaghoub YazdaniInfectious Diseases Research Center and Laboratory Science Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran;

Enayat AnvariDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran;

Abolghasem HadiniaCellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran;

Amir GhanbariCellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran;

Maryam SetayeshBiology Department, School of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran;

Mehdi YousefiImmunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; ;Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;

Farhad Jadidi-NiaraghDepartment of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranCorrespondence[email protected]

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Abstract

Cytokines are considered important factors in the modulation of various immune responses. Among them, interleukin (IL)-21 is one of the major immune modulators, adjusting various immune responses by affecting various immune cells. It has been suggested that IL-21 may enhance autoimmunity through different mechanisms, such as development and activation of helper T (T_H)-17 and follicular helper T (T_FH) cells, activation of natural killer (NK) cells, enhancing B-cell differentiation and antibody secretion and suppression of regulatory T (T_reg) cells. Moreover, IL-21 has also been suggested to be an inducer of autoimmunity when following treatment of MS patients with some therapeutics such as alemtuzumab. This review will seek to clarify the precise role of IL-21/IL-21R in the pathogenesis of MS and, in its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).

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IL-21 and IL-21 receptor in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis

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IL-21 and IL-21 receptor in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis

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