Does amyl nitrite have a role in the management of pre-hospital mass casualty cyanide poisoning?

Abstract

Context. Amyl nitrite has been recommended as a cyanide antidote for several decades. Its antidotal properties were initially attributed to induction of methemoglobin and later to a nitric oxide mediated hemodynamic effect. The ease of administration and alleged rapid clinical effect would recommend its wide use in the pre-hospital management of mass casualty cyanide poisoning; yet there are concerns regarding the use of amyl nitrite for this indication. Objective. Review the data on amyl nitrite in cyanide poisoning and evaluate its efficacy and safety in mass casualty cyanide poisoning. Methods. A literature search utilizing PubMed, Toxnet, textbooks in toxicology and pharmacology, and the bibliographies of the articles retrieved identified 17 experimental studies and human reports on the use of amyl nitrite in cyanide poisoning, and 40 additional articles on amyl nitrite's properties and adverse effects. One paper was excluded as it was a conference abstract with limited data. Mechanisms of action. The antidotal properties of amyl nitrite were attributed initially to induction of methemoglobinemia and later to nitric oxide mediated vasodilation. Efficacy: experimental studies. Animal studies on the use of amyl nitrite in cyanide poisoning are limited, and their results are inconsistent, which makes their extrapolation to humans questionable. Efficacy: human studies. Clinical reports are limited in number and the part played by amyl nitrite relative to the other treatments administered (e.g. life support, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate) is unclear. Adverse effects. Amyl nitrite can be associated with potentially serious adverse reactions such as hypotension, syncope, excessive methemoglobinemia, and hemolysis in G6PD deficient patients. These effects are more pronounced in young children, in the elderly, and in patients with cardiac and pulmonary disorders. Dose regimen. The method of administration of amyl nitrite (breaking pearls into gauze or a handkerchief and applying it intermittently to the victim's nose and mouth for a few minutes) is not easily controlled, might result in under- or over-dosing, can prevent the caregiver from administering life support, and possibly expose him/her to amyl nitrite's adverse effects. Conclusions. Administration of amyl nitrite in mass casualty cyanide poisoning can result in unnecessary morbidity and may interfere with the proper management of the incident and the required supportive treatment and rapid evacuation. In the authors' opinion these drawbacks make the use of amyl nitrite in pre-hospital mass casualty cyanide poisoning unwarranted.

Keywords:

• Amyl nitrite
• Cyanide
• Poisoning
• Antidote
• Pre-hospital