Declaration of interest
All of the authors are employed or contracted by Cardno ChemRisk, a consulting firm providing scientific advice to the government, regulatory agencies, corporations, law firms, and various scientific and professional organizations. Cardno ChemRisk has been engaged by DePuy Orthopedics, Inc., a manufacturer of prosthetic devices. It is likely that this work will be relied upon in future medical research, nutrition research, and in litigation proceedings. Some of the authors may be called upon to serve as expert witnesses and one of the authors (Paustenbach) has previously testified on behalf of DePuy. Funding for the paper was provided by DePuy.