Towards rationalisation of antivenom use in funnel-web spider envenoming: enzyme immunoassays for venom concentrations

Abstract

Context: Funnel-web spider (Atrax and Hadronyche spp.) envenoming is rare but causes severe neuromuscular, autonomic, and cardiac effects. A rabbit-derived IgG antivenom is available, but venom detection in patients has not been reported. Objective: To use serial venom and antivenom concentrations to better define envenoming and antivenom effectiveness. Materials and methods: Serum was collected from nine patients with suspected funnel-web spider bites and clinical effects were recorded. Venom-specific enzyme immunoassays were developed to measure funnel-web spider venom and antivenom concentrations. Goat anti-rabbit whole serum was coupled to UltraLink resin and added to samples to remove bound venom and measure free venom. Antivenom efficacy was defined as antivenom binding all free venom and antivenom effectiveness as resolution of clinical features. Results: Venom was detectable in samples from six of nine patients. In three patients without venom detected, there were only moderate effects, which did not completely respond to antivenom in all cases and no spider was identified. In five of six cases, a male Atrax spp. (Sydney funnel-web) spider was identified. Three patients had moderate envenoming which responded to antivenom. Three patients had severe envenoming and developed catecholamine-induced myocarditis and acute pulmonary oedema. Although cholinergic and non-specific clinical features appeared to respond to antivenom, myocarditis and pulmonary oedema lasted 2–4 days. Median venom concentration pre-antivenom in five patients with samples was 5.6 ng/ml (3–35 ng/ml), and immediately post-antivenom decreased to a median of 0 ng/ml (0–1.8 ng/ml). Post-antivenom venom concentrations decreased when bound venom was removed; median, 0 ng/ml (0–0.9 ng/ml), indicating that most venom detected post-antivenom was bound. There was recurrence of venom and clinical features in one patient when a pressure bandage was removed. Conclusions: Detection of venom in suspected funnel-web spider bites identified definite cases with characteristic envenoming and a spider was identified. Measurement of venom concentrations pre- and post-antivenom demonstrated that venom was bound by antivenom, but in severe cases cardiac toxicity was not reversed.

Keywords:

• Catecholamine excess
• spider bite
• toxins

Acknowledgements

We thank the medical and nursing staff at the Calvary Mater Newcastle, John Hunter Hospital, Gosford Hospital and Armidale Hospital for notifying the investigators of funnel-web spider bites and assisting in collection of data, spiders, and blood samples.

Disclosure statement

The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of this article.

Funding information

G.I. is funded by an NHMRC Senior Research Fellowship ID1061041.