Recreational Genetics: A Novel Prospect for Harm Reducing Forms of Substance Use?

Abstract

Gene therapy, currently in clinical trials, holds the promise of novel treatments for rare inherited as well as acquired disorders. Here, we propose a thought experiment in which gene therapy might be used to transfer to recipients the capacity to generate psychoactive substances endogenously and under voluntary control. A central feature of substance misuse is self administration of a pharmaco-intervention which continues despite negative social and health related consequences. At present, such substances are available to the user through exogenous, legal or illegal, markets. What if “substances” were available via genetic transfers (i.e., that would enable the individual to manufacture the substance for him/herself at will)? What are the appropriate societal responses to such recreational genetics'.' We will show that such a novel form of substance use, while currently not on offer, is biologically feasible. The development of such a biotechnology could have a major impact on society. One appropriate response may be anticipated within the larger bioethical framework which has emerged from consideration of other biotechnological problems (e.g., fertilization techniques, life support, and gene therapy). That framework explicitly includes the need to reduce harm while also meeting other ethical goals. Furthermore, the results of our thought experiment suggest that the behaviour which forms the core of established substance use problems can be interpreted as adventures in biotechnology. Recasting substance use in this form permits the behaviour to be interpreted within a larger bioethical framework which may offer new opportunities for reducing drug related harm.

Key Words:

• Harm reduction
• ethics
• gene therapy
• policy