Comparison of extracapsular pseudotumors seen in magnetic resonance imaging and in revision surgery of 167 failed metal-on-metal hip replacements

Abstract

Background and purpose — Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is important for detecting extracapsular pseudotumors, but there is little information on the accuracy of MRI and appropriate intervals for repeated imaging. We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of MRI for detecting pseudotumors in 155 patients (167 hips) with metal-on-metal (MoM) hip arthroplasties that failed due to adverse reactions to metal debris (ARMD).

Methods — Preoperative MRIs were performed with two 1.5 T MRI scanners and graded by a senior musculoskeletal radiologist using a previously described MRI pseudotumor grading system. Revision findings were retrieved from surgical notes, and pseudotumors were retrospectively graded as fluid-filled, mixed-type, or solid.

Results — The sensitivity of MRI was 71% and the specificity was 87% for detecting extracapsular pseudotumors. The sensitivity was 88% (95% CI: 70–96) when MRI was performed less than 3 months before the revision surgery. Interestingly, when the time that elapsed between MRI and revision was more than 1 year, the sensitivity calculated was only 29% (95% CI: 14–56). Comparison between MRI and revision classifications gave moderate agreement (Cohen’s kappa = 0.4).

Interpretation — A recent MRI predicts the presence of a pseudotumor well, but there is more discrepancy when the MRI examination is over a year old, most likely due to the formation of new pseudotumors. 1 year could be a justifiable limit for considering a new MRI if development of ARMD is suspected. MRI images over a year old should not be used in decision making or in planning of revision surgery for MoM hips.

OL: study design, literature search, data collection and analysis, interpretation of data, statistics, writing and revision of the manuscript, and final approval. PE, AR, JP, TP, and AE: study design, interpretation of data and statistics, writing and revision of the manuscript, and final approval.

We thank Ms Ella Lehto, RN, for maintaining our study database. The study was supported by the competitive research funds of Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland (grant 9N044, representing governmental funding). The source of funding had no role at any stage of this investigator-initiated study.

JP has a consultant contract with Zimmer. No commercial companies were involved in planning of the study, data collection, analysis, interpretation of data, or writing of the manuscript.