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Abstract
The object of this study was to investigate the effect of molybdenum on the development of mouse preimplantation embryos cultured in vitro. Zygotes were flushed from one outbred mouse strain (Kunming), and then were cultured in potassium simplex optimized medium (KSOM) containing 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 120, and 160 µg/ml of molybdenum for 5 days until the mid-blastocyst stage. The addition of ≤ 20 µg/ml molybdenum did not affect the blastocyst and birth rates. Molybdenum at doses of 40 µg/ml and higher significantly decreased the cleavage, blastocyst and birth rates, the average cell number, and significantly increased the proportion of degenerative blastocysts. At 120 µg/ml molybdenum inhibited the blastocysts development to birth. At 160 µg/ml molybdenum caused overall developmental arrest (up to 16-cells) of embryos and their massive degeneration. In conclusion, molybdenum negatively affected the development of embryos in a dose-dependent manner. With lower doses (≤ 20 µg/ml), mouse embryos were not apparently damaged. With very high doses (≥ 40 µg/ml), embryo quality significantly decreased. This assessment of the effect of molybdenum on the preimplantation embryo is an initial survey of toxicological risk.
Acknowledgments
Dr. Ming-Tao Zhao, Xing-Qi Chen, and Dr. Shi-Qiang Zhang are thanked for assistance in preparing the manuscript.
Declaration of interest: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 31040081) and the Higher Education Finance Scheme for Young Backbone Teachers in Henan Province (Project No. 2010GGJS-071), China. The authors report no declarations of interest
Author contributions: Conceived and designed the experiments: SW,C-MB; Performed the experiments: C-MB,Y-LZ,T-ZZ,Z-JY,S-YG; Analyzed the data: S-DW,X-LC; Contributed reagents/ materials/ analysis tools: X-WZ,X-GM,L-JJ; Wrote the manuscript: SW,C-MB,F-JL.