High gene flow in reef fishes and its implications for ad-hoc no-take marine reserves

Abstract

Integration of genetic connectivity information in effective marine reserve (MR) design is important in sustaining marine biodiversity. Here, genetic connectivity based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of three reef fish species, namely Epinephelus merra (n = 67; 32 from Bolinao, 14 from Alaminos, and 21 from Masinloc), Parupeneus multifasciatus (n = 23; 12 from Bolinao and 11 from Masinloc), and Odonus niger (n = 35; 21 from Mabini and 14 from Tingloy), sampled across western Luzon, Philippines, was inferred by assessing their genetic diversity, population genetic structure, and historical demography. The results show high haplotype and nucleotide diversity in the three species. Tests for population structure indicate high gene flow and no spatial genetic structuring for the three species. Mismatch analyses suggest unimodal distribution for E. merra and P. multifasciatus, but bimodal distribution for O. niger. Even with differences in mismatch distributions, all the three species exhibit low raggedness index indicating demographic population expansion. The bimodal distribution of O. niger could be attributed to the mixing of two isolated populations. High gene flow between sampling locations implies genetic exchanges and connectivity between many small MRs and fishing grounds in western Luzon, Philippines, at a scale similar to our study. This research is among the first few to elucidate the high genetic connectivity of reef fish communities across the Philippines (here western Luzon), but it also calls for more support (i.e. government and academia) for genetic research that aims to (1) understand the maintenance of megadiversity of the country and (2) search for effective biodiversity conservation options for the coral reefs.

Keywords::

• Connectivity
• gene flow
• marine reserves
• mitochondrial control region
• reef conservation

Acknowledgements

We specially thank the Genetics Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines Diliman. We thank the municipalities of Bolinao, Alaminos, Masinloc, and Mabini for providing prior informed consents and support for this research: Mayor Alfonso Celeste, Mayor Hernani Braganza, Mayor Desiree Edora, and Mayor Nilo Villanueva. We also thank local community organizations in the various municipalities who helped in this research: KAISAKA (Kaisahan ng mga Samahan Alay sa Kalikasan), SPSS (Samahang Pangkaunlaran ng San Salvador), and SPSTI (Samahang Pangkaunlaran ng San Teodoro). We especially thank Jesem Gabatin, Annabelle, Rose Salila, Olive Gregorio, Milberth Ferrer, Constancio Ronald Castillo, Johnny Beloso, Fernando Tiburcio, Beth Sarmiento, and Ferdinand Sarmiento.

Declaration of interest : This study was funded through (1) Research Grant (Project Code: Bio–11-1-08) awarded to Dr Jonathan A. Anticamara by Natural Sciences Research Institute (NSRI) and (2) Research Grant (111104 PhDIA) from the Office of Vice Chancellor for Research and Development (OVCRD), University of the Philippines-Diliman. The authors report no conflict of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of this paper.