Introducing democracy across borders: from dêmos to dêmoi

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size

Notes

1. Thomas Franck, Fairness in International Law and Institutions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 83–145.

2. For Buchanan and Pettit, the democratic minimum (or its conceptual equivalent) is tied to notions the accountability of authority or the ‘tracking’ of public interests. On tracking, see Philip Pettit, Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 88. On accountability understood as a democratic minimum for protecting human rights, see Allan Buchanan, Justice, Legitimacy and Self-Determination (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 146. These democratic criteria are too weak and could be fulfilled even in the presence of domination and in the absence of the ability to initiate claims in deliberation.

3. Hannah Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1976), 479.

4. See Isaiah Berlin, ‘Two Concepts of Liberty’ in Four Essays on Liberty (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969), 129. Berlin argues that a democracy need not be considered just simply because it would maximize all forms of liberty. Political equality developed in terms of non-domination is a threshold concept; the threshold would not be met when some have so much more political capabilities and resources than others so as to not require cooperation with all citizens.

5. Besides Amartya Sen's work on capability failure, see Thomas Pogge's treatment of extreme destitution as a violation of human rights. See Thomas Pogge, World Poverty and Human Rights (London: Blackwell, 2002).

6. See Anthony Pagden, Lords of all the World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995), 190ff. For republican federalists, ‘the creation of stable international relations and of successful commercial networks—both now regarded as prime moral objectives of government—could only ever be the product of political liberty’ (290).

7. As Pagden put it in Lords of all the World: ‘the Enlightenment was, perhaps more than has been recognized, the product of a world which was ridding itself of its first, but by no means, alas, its last imperial legacy’ (200).

8. See Gerald Frug, City Making: Building Communities without Building Walls (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999), 5.

9. Robert Dahl, ‘Federalism and the Democratic Process,’ in Liberal Democracy, ed. J. Roland Pennock and John William Chapman (New York: New York University Press, 1983), 95.

10. Gerald Ruggie, Constructing the World Polity (London: Routledge, 1996), 195.