Classification of mesoscale vortices in polar airstreams and the influence of the large-scale environment on their evolutions

Abstract

Satellite imagery was used to detect and study 133 mesoscale cloud vortices which occurred in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas between 1 December 1981 and 5 January 1982. Only vortices occurring in cold air, separate from synoptic-scale frontal cloud bands, were considered. The complete history of the evolution of each cloud vortex was recorded in terms of its location, size, cloud pattern, and cloud type (shallow or deep; stratiform or convective).

Once all vortices were documented, conventional meteorological data and analyses were consulted. One objective of the study was to determine whether satellite imagery could be used to estimate the central pressure of the cyclones accompanying the mesoscale vortices. Other objectives were to determine if there were significant differences in (1) the mesoscale cloud structure or (2) the large-scale environment of vortices which remained insignificant versus those that developed into polar lows.

Results indicate that the deficit pressure of the polar vortex could be estimated from satellite imagery and that there were recognizable differences between developing and non-developing vortices. Only a few cloud configurations accompanied polar lows, whereas the occurrence of certain other configurations at early stages in the vortex existence indicated that these vortices would remain insignificant. The synoptic-scale environment appeared to play a considerable role in determining which incipient vortices continued to develop. Moderate baroclinicity (horizontal temperature gradients and vertical wind shear), relatively weak winds, large lapse rates, and favorable vorticity advections accompanied developing polar lows. Non-developing vortices had unfavorable vorticity advections. Of these, some vortices were able to grow initially to moderate disturbances which remained steady thereafter. The apparent difference between these and insignificant vortices was that the steady vortices were more baroclinic and had steeper lapse rates.