Basidioascus and Geminibasidium: a new lineage of heat-resistant and xerotolerant basidiomycetes

Abstract

Using a heat-treatment method, two genera of heat-resistant and xerotolerant basidiomycetes were isolated from soil samples. These two genera, Basidioascus and Geminibasidium gen. nov., are morphologically similar and phylogenetically related. The genus Basidioascus originally was described as an ascomycete, but the structures originally interpreted as single-spored asci appear to represent basidiospores. Morphologically both genera are characterized by the lack of a fruiting body, conspicuously granular and deciduous basidia with a unique basal lateral projection and apparently double-walled basidiospores. The basidia, rather than the basidiospores, are forcibly discharged in Basidioascus species but not in Geminibasidium species. In Geminibasidium species a putative basidium arises from a primary cell. These are novel forms of basidia ontogenesis previously unseen in basidiomycetes. The rDNA (SSU + 5.8S + LSU) Bayesian phylogenetic analysis suggests that these fungi are distantly related to Wallemia, another xerotolerant basidiomycete genus commonly found in indoor air dust, dried foods and natural hypersaline environments. Given the physiological similarity and phylogenetic relationships, Basidioascus and Geminibasidium are classified in a new order, Geminibasidiales, and are taxonomically assigned to the class Wallemiomycetes. Based on morphological observations and molecular phylogeny of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), two species of Basidioascus (B. undulatus, B. magus sp. nov.) and two species of Geminibasidium (G. donsium sp. nov., G. hirsutum sp. nov.) are described. A key to these species is provided using micromorphological and cultural characters.

• Basidiomycota
• deciduous basidium
• Geminibasidiaceae
• Geminibasidiales
• fungi in blueberry jam
• soil fungi
• Wallemiomycetes

Acknowledgments

We thank the collectors of soil samples (G.P. White, R.J. Bandoni, A.K. Davis, H. Veldhuis, R.J. Davies, R. Hunt, J. Unruh, A. Olson, H. Douwes, S.P. Vander Kloet, M. Trappe), various people for discussions of this project (D. Begerow, S. Redhead, J. Spatafora, M.C. Aime, Y. Kikoku, A. Patriarcia, P. Zalar, D. Brisson) and technical support (R.J. Davies, G. Louis-Seize). We thank Susan Carbyn, Paula Allan-Wojtas and Milos Kalab for providing the SEM micrograph.

This research was financially supported by the Ontario Graduate Scholarship, University of Ottawa Excellence Scholarship, and the Queen Elizabeth II Science and Technology Scholarship.