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Abstract
Aim: An electrochemical urine dipstick probe biosensor has been demonstrated using molybdenum electrodes on nanoporous polyamide substrate for the quantitative detection of two inflammatory protein biomarkers, CRP and IL-6. Materials & methods: The electrode interface was characterized using ζ-potential and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Detection of biomarkers was demonstrated by measuring impedance changes associated with the dose concentrations of the two biomarkers. A proof of feasibility of point-of-care implementation of the biosensor was demonstrated using a portable electronics platform. Results & conclusion: Limit of detection of 1 pg/ml was achieved for CRP and IL-6 in human urine and synthetic urine buffers. The developed portable hardware demonstrated close correlation with benchtop equipment results.
Lay abstract
Early disease diagnosis helps in minimizing complications from various disease conditions. Quantitative readout of test results is useful in eliminating the error due to interpretation of output. In this paper, we have demonstrated the possibility of detection of two analytes in urine which holds promise to be developed as a home-based initial screening platform.
Supplementary data
To view the supplementary data that accompany this paper please visit the journal website at: www.tandfonline.com/doi/suppl/10.4155/fsoa-2017-0142.
Author contributions
V Kamakoti, K Hyeok Choi, B Jagannath and D Kinnamon performed the experiments. V Kamakoti, B Jagannath, D Kinnamon and S Prasad wrote the manuscript.
Financial & competing interests disclosure
The authors have no relevant affiliationsor financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties.
No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank KC Lin for helping with atomic force microscopy characterization experiments, J Craven for helping with scanning electron microscope characterization and NR Shanmugam for helping with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy characterization experiments.
Ethical conduct of research
The authors state that they have obtained appropriate institutional review board approval or have followed the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki for all human or animal experimental investigations. In addition, for investigations involving human subjects, informed consent has been obtained from the participants involved.