Golgi Ribbon Unlinking: An Organelle-Based G₂/M Checkpoint

Abstract

Cell cycle checkpoints have mostly been associated with signaling mechanisms monitoring the genetic material for abnormalities and inaccuracy in partitioning, such as DNA lesions or failure in chromosome attachment to kinetochores. However, it becomes more evident that other checkpoints are turned on by cytoplasmic events, such as the cytoskeleton organisation and the organelle structure. Here, we summarize recent evidence strongly suggesting that the integrity of the Golgi ribbon, and more precisely the tubules interconnecting the Golgi stacks to form this ribbon, at late G2/early prophase, is linked to a Golgi-related G2/M checkpoint. A number of kinases phosphorylating a so far small subset of Golgi-localized proteins have been shown to promote the G2-specific Golgi ribbon unlinking allowing the cell to enter mitosis. When these kinases are inactivated or when the substrates cannot be phosphorylated, Golgi unlinking is prevented and the cells are blocked or delayed in G2 phase.