Knockdown of B-Raf impairs spindle formation and the mitotic checkpoint in human somatic cells

Abstract

It is well established that B-Raf signaling through the MAP kinase (ERK) pathways plays a prominent role in regulating cell proliferation but how it does this is not completely understood. Here, we show that B-Raf serves a physiological role during mitosis in human somatic cells. Knockdown of B-Raf using short interfering RNA (siRNA) resulted in pleiotropic spindle abnormalities and misaligned chromosomes in over 80% of the mitotic cells analyzed. A second B-Raf siRNA gave similar results suggesting these effects are specific to down-regulating B-Raf protein. In agreement with these findings, a portion of B-Raf was detected at the spindle structures including the spindle poles and kinetochores. Knockdown of C-Raf (Raf-1) had no detectable effects on spindle formation or chromosome alignment. Activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint was found to be dependent on B-Raf as evident by the inability of checkpoint proteins Bub1 and Mad2 to localize to unattached kinetochores in HeLa cells treated with B-Raf siRNA. Consistent with this, live-cell imaging microscopy showed that B-Raf-depleted cells exited mitosis earlier than control non-depleted cells. Finally, we provide evidence that B-Raf signaling promotes phosphorylation and kinetochore localization of the mitotic checkpoint kinase Mps1. Blocking B-Raf expression, ERK activity, or phosphorylation at Ser-821 residue perturbed Mps1 localization at unattached kinetochores. Thus, our data implicates a mitotic role for B-Raf in regulating spindle formation and the spindle checkpoint in human somatic cells.