The regulation and role of neuronal gap junctions during neuronal injury

Abstract

In the mammalian CNS, excessive release of glutamate and overactivation of glutamate receptors are responsible for the secondary (delayed) neuronal death following neuronal injury, including ischemia, traumatic brain injury (TBI) and epilepsy. The coupling of neurons by gap junctions (electrical synapses) increases during neuronal injury. In a recent study with the use of in vivo and in vitro models of cortical ischemia in mice, we have demonstrated that the ischemic increase in neuronal gap junction coupling is regulated by glutamate via group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR). Specifically, we found that activation of group II mGluRs increases background levels of neuronal gap junction coupling and expression of connexin 36 (Cx36; neuronal gap junction protein), whereas inactivation of group II mGluRs prevents the ischemia-mediated increases in the coupling and Cx36 expression. Using the analysis of neuronal death, we also established that inactivation of group II mGluRs or genetic elimination of Cx36 both dramatically reduce ischemic neuronal death in vitro and in vivo. Similar results were obtained using in vitro models of TBI and epilepsy. Our study demonstrated that mechanisms for the injury-mediated increase in neuronal gap junction coupling are part of the mechanisms for glutamate-dependent neuronal death.

Keywords: :

• gap junctions
• connexin 36
• metabotropic glutamate receptors
• neuronal death
• ischemia
• traumatic brain injury
• epilepsy
• electrical synapses

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Acknowledgments

I thank the contributors to this study: Dr Yongfu Wang, Ji-Hoon Song, Janna V. Denisova, Dr Won-Mee Park, and Dr Joseph D. Fontes. This research was supported by NIH (R01 NS064256).