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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infects more than half the world’s population and in developing nations the incidence can be over 90%. The morbidity and mortality associated with H. pylori-associated diseases including ulcers and gastric cancer therefore, disproportionately impact the developing world. Mice have been used extensively to demonstrate the feasibility of developing a vaccine for H. pylori infection, and for testing antigens, routes of immunization, dose, and adjuvants. These successes however, have not translated well in clinical trials. Although there are examples where immune responses have been activated, there are few instances of achieving a reduced bacterial load. In vivo and in vitro analyses in both mice and humans demonstrates that the host responds to H. pylori infection through the activation of immunoregulatory mechanisms designed to suppress the anti-H. pylori response. Improved vaccine efficacy therefore, will require the inclusion of factors that over-ride or re-program these immunoregulatory rersponse mechanisms.
Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest
No potential conflict of interest was disclosed.
Acknowledgments
These studies were funded by NIAID, NIH, DHHS grant U19 AI082655 (Cooperative Center for Translational Research in Human Immunology and Biodefense; CCHI) to Czinn SJ and Blanchard TG, and by NIDDK, NIH, DHHS grant R01 DK 46461 to Czinn SJ. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases or the National Institutes of Health.
