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Original Articles

Relationships Between Eight Measures of Suspect Effort

Pages 263-272 | Published online: 09 Aug 2010

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

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Laura Cutler, Matthew Greenacre, Christopher A. Abeare, Christina D. Sirianni, Robert Roth & Laszlo A. Erdodi. (2023) Multivariate models provide an effective psychometric solution to the variability in classification accuracy of D-KEFS Stroop performance validity cutoffs. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 37:3, pages 617-649.
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Sarah D. Patrick, Lisa J. Rapport, Robert J. Kanser, Robin A. Hanks & Jesse R. Bashem. (2021) Performance validity assessment using response time on the Warrington Recognition Memory Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 35:6, pages 1154-1173.
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John W. Lace, Alex F. Grant, Phillip Ruppert, David A. S. Kaufman, Carson L. Teague, Kimberly Lowell & Jeffrey D. Gfeller. (2021) Detecting noncredible performance with the neuropsychological assessment battery, screening module: A simulation study. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 35:3, pages 572-596.
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Jessica Hurtubise, Tabarak Baher, Isabelle Messa, Laura Cutler, Ayman Shahein, Maurissa Hastings, Marilou Carignan-Querqui & Laszlo A. Erdodi. (2020) Verbal fluency and digit span variables as performance validity indicators in experimentally induced malingering and real world patients with TBI. Applied Neuropsychology: Child 9:4, pages 337-354.
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Lauren Goworowski, Denise Vagt, Carlos Salazar, Kevin Mulligan & Frank Webbe. (2020) Normative values of the Rey Word Recognition Test in college athletes. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult 27:1, pages 94-100.
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Daniel H. Olsen, Ryan W. Schroeder, Robin J. Heinrichs & Phillip K. Martin. (2019) Examination of optimal embedded PVTs within the BVMT-R in an outpatient clinical sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 33:4, pages 732-742.
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Kelly Y. An, Jordan Charles, Sami Ali, Anca Enache, Jasmine Dhuga & Laszlo A. Erdodi. (2019) Reexamining performance validity cutoffs within the Complex Ideational Material and the Boston Naming Test–Short Form using an experimental malingering paradigm. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 41:1, pages 15-25.
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Laszlo A. Erdodi, Bradley T. Tyson, Christopher A. Abeare, Brandon G. Zuccato, Jaspreet K. Rai, Kristian R. Seke, Sanya Sagar & Robert M. Roth. (2018) Utility of critical items within the Recognition Memory Test and Word Choice Test. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult 25:4, pages 327-339.
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Tyler A. Rickards, Christopher C. Cranston, Pegah Touradji & Kathleen T. Bechtold. (2018) Embedded performance validity testing in neuropsychological assessment: Potential clinical tools. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult 25:3, pages 219-230.
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Katherine E. Dorociak, Evan T. Schulze, Lauren E. Piper, Robert E. Molokie & Julie K. Janecek. (2018) Performance validity testing in a clinical sample of adults with sickle cell disease. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 32:1, pages 81-97.
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Laszlo A. Erdodi & Jonathan D. Lichtenstein. (2017) Invalid before impaired: an emerging paradox of embedded validity indicators. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 31:6-7, pages 1029-1046.
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Allyson G. Harrison & Irene T. Armstrong. (2016) Development of a symptom validity index to assist in identifying ADHD symptom exaggeration or feigning. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 30:2, pages 265-283.
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Jennifer M. Flaherty, Robert J. Spencer, Lauren L. Drag, Percival H. Pangilinan & Linas A. Bieliauskas. (2015) Limited usefulness of the Rey Fifteen-Item Test in detection of invalid performance in veterans suspected of mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 29:13-14, pages 1630-1634.
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Jeremy J. Davis & Scott R. Millis. (2014) Examination of Performance Validity Test Failure in Relation to Number of Tests Administered. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 28:2, pages 199-214.
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Robert Perna, AshleeR. Loughan, Jeremy Hertza & Kelly Segraves. (2014) The Value of Embedded Measures in Detecting Suboptimal Effort in Children: An Investigation Into the WISC-IV Digit Span and CMS Verbal Memory Subtests. Applied Neuropsychology: Child 3:1, pages 45-51.
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KirstyE. Bortnik, Michael David Horner & DavidL. Bachman. (2013) Performance on Standard Indexes of Effort Among Patients with Dementia. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult 20:4, pages 233-242.
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Timothy J. Arentsen, Kyle Brauer Boone, Tracy T. Y. Lo, Hope E. Goldberg, Maria E. Cottingham, Tara L. Victor, Elizabeth Ziegler & Michelle A. Zeller. (2013) Effectiveness of the Comalli Stroop Test as a Measure of Negative Response Bias. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 27:6, pages 1060-1076.
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Andrew T. Cavagnaro, Sofya Shuster & Kevin Colwell. (2013) Classification Discrepancies in Two Intelligence Tests: Forensic Implications for Persons with Developmental Disabilities. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice 13:1, pages 49-67.
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Matthew Stimmel, Debbie Green, Brian Belfi & Jessica Klaver. (2012) Exploring the Accuracy and Utility of the Rey Fifteen Item Test (RMT) with Recognition Trial in a Forensic Psychiatric Population. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health 11:1, pages 51-58.
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Christian Schutte, Scott Millis, Bradley Axelrod & Sarah VanDyke. (2011) Derivation of a Composite Measure of Embedded Symptom Validity Indices. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 25:3, pages 454-462.
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Paul Marshall, Ryan Schroeder, Jeffrey O’Brien, Rebecca Fischer, Adam Ries, Brita Blesi & Jessica Barker. (2010) Effectiveness of symptom validity measures in identifying cognitive and behavioral symptom exaggeration in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 24:7, pages 1204-1237.
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Barry Rosenfeld, Debbie Green, Ekaterina Pivovarova, Tia Dole & Patricia Zapf. (2010) What to do with Contradictory Data? Approaches to the Integration of Multiple Malingering Measures. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health 9:2, pages 63-73.
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Kirsty E. Bortnik, Kyle B. Boone, Sarah D. Marion, Stacy Amano, Elizabeth Ziegler, Tara L. Victor & Michelle A. Zeller. (2010) Examination Of Various Wms-Iii Logical Memory Scores In The Assessment Of Response Bias. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 24:2, pages 344-357.
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Matthias Henry, Thomas Merten, Simone Andrea Wolf & Sandy Harth. (2010) Nonverbal Medical Symptom Validity Test performance of elderly healthy adults and clinical neurology patients. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 32:1, pages 19-27.
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Robert L. Heilbronner, Jerry J. Sweet, Joel E. Morgan, Glenn J. Larrabee, Scott R. Millis & Conference Participants . (2009) American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology Consensus Conference Statement on the Neuropsychological Assessment of Effort, Response Bias, and Malingering. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 23:7, pages 1093-1129.
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Nina Blaskewitz, Thomas Merten & Robbi Brockhaus. (2009) Detection of Suboptimal Effort with the Rey Complex Figure Test and Recognition Trial. Applied Neuropsychology 16:1, pages 54-61.
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Tara L. Victor, Kyle B. Boone, J. Greg Serpa, Jody Buehler & Elizabeth A. Ziegler. (2009) Interpreting the Meaning of Multiple Symptom Validity Test Failure. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 23:2, pages 297-313.
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Thomas Merten, Linda Bossink & Ben Schmand. (2007) On the limits of effort testing: Symptom validity tests and severity of neurocognitive symptoms in nonlitigant patients. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 29:3, pages 308-318.
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Myling Sumanti, Kyle Brauer Boone, Irwin Savodnik & Richard Gorsuch. (2006) Noncredible Psychiatric and Cognitive Symptoms in a Workers' Compensation “Stress” Claim Sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 20:4, pages 754-765.
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Steven Sellers, MitchellK. Byrne & Peter Golus. (2006) The Detection of Malingered Psychopathology and Cognitive Deficits: Employing the Fake Bad Scale and the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 13:1, pages 91-99.
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Iris Gorny & Thomas Merten. (2006) Symptom Information—Warning—Coaching. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology 4:4, pages 71-97.
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Talin Babikian, Kyle Brauer Boone, Po Lu & Ginger Arnold. (2006) Sensitivity and Specificity of Various Digit Span Scores in the Detection of Suspect Effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 20:1, pages 145-159.
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Lyndsey Bauer, Christine L. Yantz, Laurie M. Ryan, Deborah L. Warden & Robert J. McCaffrey. (2005) An Examination of the California Verbal Learning Test II to Detect Incomplete Effort in a Traumatic Brain-Injury Sample. Applied Neuropsychology 12:4, pages 202-207.
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Articles from other publishers (33)

Sandra Fernandes, Inês Ferreira, Luís Querido & Julia C. Daugherty. (2022) To adjust or not to adjust: Cut-off scores in performance validity testing in Portuguese older adults with dementia. Frontiers in Psychology 13.
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Robert D. Shura, Ruth E. Yoash-Gantz, Treven C. Pickett, Scott D. McDonald & Larry A. Tupler. (2021) Relations Among Performance and Symptom Validity, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Burden in Postdeployment Veterans. Psychological Injury and Law 14:4, pages 257-268.
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Laszlo A. Erdodi. (2021) Five shades of gray: Conceptual and methodological issues around multivariate models of performance validity. NeuroRehabilitation 49:2, pages 179-213.
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John W. Lace, Alexandra F. Grant, Karen M. Kosky, Carson L. Teague, Kimberly T. Lowell & Jeffrey D. Gfeller. (2020) Identifying Novel Embedded Performance Validity Test Formulas Within the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status: a Simulation Study. Psychological Injury and Law 13:3, pages 303-315.
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Joseph J. Ryan, Takahiro Yamaguchi & David S. Kreiner. (2018) Preliminary Validation of the Rey 15-Item Test and Reliable Digit Span in Native Japanese Samples. Psychological Reports 122:5, pages 1925-1945.
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Jonathan D. Lichtenstein, Matthew Holcomb & Laszlo A. Erdodi. (2018) One-Minute PVT: Further Evidence for the Utility of the California Verbal Learning Test—Children’s Version Forced Choice Recognition Trial. Journal of Pediatric Neuropsychology 4:3-4, pages 94-104.
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Laszlo A. Erdodi, Ned L. Kirsch, Alana G. Sabelli & Christopher A. Abeare. (2018) The Grooved Pegboard Test as a Validity Indicator—a Study on Psychogenic Interference as a Confound in Performance Validity Research. Psychological Injury and Law 11:4, pages 307-324.
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Brad Merker, Melissa Wingate & Kenneth Podell. 2018. Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology 1221 1223 .
Brad Merker, Melissa Wingate & Kenneth Podell. 2017. Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology 1 3 .
Alvin Jones. (2016) Cutoff Scores for MMPI-2 and MMPI-2-RF Cognitive-Somatic Validity Scales for Psychometrically Defined Malingering Groups in a Military Sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 31:7, pages 786-801.
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David M. Barry & Mark L. Ettenhofer. (2016) Assessment of Performance Validity Using Embedded Saccadic and Manual Indices on a Continuous Performance Test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology.
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Alvin Jones. (2016) Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status: Effort Index Cutoff Scores for Psychometrically Defined Malingering Groups in a Military Sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 31:3, pages 273-283.
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Shane S. Bush & Carmela Bass. (2015) Assessment of validity with polytrauma Veteran populations. NeuroRehabilitation 36:4, pages 451-462.
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Anthony P. Odland, Andrew B. Lammy, Phillip K. Martin, Christopher L. Grote & Wiley Mittenberg. (2015) Advanced Administration and Interpretation of Multiple Validity Tests. Psychological Injury and Law 8:1, pages 46-63.
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Alfred Mansour & Renee Lajiness-O’Neill. (2015) Call for an Integrative and Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Psychology 06:04, pages 323-374.
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Christopher M. Love, David M. Glassmire, Shanna Jordan Zanolini & Amanda Wolf. (2014) Specificity and False Positive Rates of the Test of Memory Malingering, Rey 15-Item Test, and Rey Word Recognition Test Among Forensic Inpatients With Intellectual Disabilities. Assessment 21:5, pages 618-627.
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Gerald YoungGerald Young. 2014. Malingering, Feigning, and Response Bias in Psychiatric/ Psychological Injury. Malingering, Feigning, and Response Bias in Psychiatric/ Psychological Injury 401 430 .
Jerry J. Sweet, Daniel J. Goldman & Leslie M. Guidotti Breting. (2013) Traumatic Brain Injury: Guidance in a Forensic Context from Outcome, Dose-Response, and Response Bias Research. Behavioral Sciences & the Law 31:6, pages 756-778.
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Todd S. Woodward & Mahesh Menon. 2013. The Neuroscience of Hallucinations. The Neuroscience of Hallucinations 169 184 .
A. R. Loughan, R. Perna & J. Hertza. (2012) The Value of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition Digit Span as an Embedded Measure of Effort: An Investigation into Children with Dual Diagnoses. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 27:7, pages 716-724.
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Rebecca A. WeissBarry Rosenfeld & Melanie R. Farkas. (2011) The Utility of the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms in a Sample of Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities. Assessment 18:3, pages 284-290.
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Todd S. Woodward & Mahesh Menon. (2010) Considerations for analysis of source monitoring data when investigating hallucinations in schizophrenia research. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 261:3, pages 157-164.
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Brad Merker & Kenneth Podell. 2011. Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology 892 894 .
N. W. Nelson, J. B. Hoelzle, K. A. McGuire, A. G. Ferrier-Auerbach, M. J. Charlesworth & S. R. Sponheim. (2010) Evaluation Context Impacts Neuropsychological Performance of OEF/OIF Veterans with Reported Combat-Related Concussion. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 25:8, pages 713-723.
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Allyson G. HarrisonYoni Rosenblum & Shannon Currie. (2009) Examining Unusual Digit Span Performance in a Population of Postsecondary Students Assessed for Academic Difficulties. Assessment 17:3, pages 283-293.
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M. S. Kim, K. B. Boone, T. Victor, S. D. Marion, S. Amano, M. E. Cottingham, E. A. Ziegler & M. A. Zeller. (2009) The Warrington Recognition Memory Test for Words as a Measure of Response Bias: Total Score and Response Time Cutoffs Developed on "Real World" Credible and Noncredible Subjects. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 25:1, pages 60-70.
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Thomas Merten, Elisabeth Thies, Katrin Schneider & Andreas Stevens. (2009) Symptom Validity Testing in Claimants with Alleged Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Comparing the Morel Emotional Numbing Test, the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology, and the Word Memory Test. Psychological Injury and Law 2:3-4, pages 284-293.
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Steve Rubenzer. (2009) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Assessing Response Style and Malingering. Psychological Injury and Law 2:2, pages 114-142.
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