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Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology Volume 21, 1999 - Issue 5
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Original Articles

Use of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in the Detection of Malingering in Student Simulator and Patient Samples

Julie A. Suhr
&
Dave Boyer
Pages 701-708 | Published online: 09 Aug 2010

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Rebecca Deloria, Aaron J. Kivisto, Amy Swier-Vosnos & Lisa Elwood. (2023) Optimal per test cutoff scores and combinations of failure on multiple embedded performance validity tests in detecting performance invalidity in a mixed clinical sample. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult 30:6, pages 716-726.
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Brad T. Tyson, Sadie R. Pyne, Iulia Crisan, Matthew Calamia, Matthew Holcomb, Luciano Giromini & Laszlo A. Erdodi. (2023) Logical memory, visual reproduction, and verbal paired associates are effective embedded validity indicators in patients with traumatic brain injury. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult 0:0, pages 1-10.
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Laura Cutler, Christopher A. Abeare, Isabelle Messa, Matthew Holcomb & Laszlo A. Erdodi. (2022) This will only take a minute: Time cutoffs are superior to accuracy cutoffs on the forced choice recognition trial of the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test – Revised. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult 29:6, pages 1425-1439.
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Kaley Boress, Owen J. Gaasedelen, Anna Croghan, Marcie King Johnson, Kristen Caraher, Michael R. Basso & Douglas M. Whiteside. (2022) Validation of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) scale of scales in a mixed clinical sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 36:7, pages 1844-1859.
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Karen M. Kosky, John W. Lace, Tara A. Austin, Dylan J. Seitz & Brook Clark. (2022) The utility of the Wisconsin card sorting test, 64-card version to detect noncredible attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult 29:5, pages 1231-1241.
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Isabelle Messa, Matthew Holcomb, Jonathan D Lichtenstein, Brad T Tyson, Robert M Roth & Laszlo A Erdodi. (2022) They are not destined to fail: a systematic examination of scores on embedded performance validity indicators in patients with intellectual disability. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences 54:5, pages 664-680.
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Alexa Dunn, Sadie Pyne, Brad Tyson, Robert Roth, Ayman Shahein & Laszlo Erdodi. (2021) Critical Item Analysis Enhances the Classification Accuracy of the Logical Memory Recognition Trial as a Performance Validity Indicator. Developmental Neuropsychology 46:5, pages 327-346.
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Jaspreet K. Rai & Laszlo A. Erdodi. (2021) Impact of criterion measures on the classification accuracy of TOMM-1. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult 28:2, pages 185-196.
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Jessica Hurtubise, Tabarak Baher, Isabelle Messa, Laura Cutler, Ayman Shahein, Maurissa Hastings, Marilou Carignan-Querqui & Laszlo A. Erdodi. (2020) Verbal fluency and digit span variables as performance validity indicators in experimentally induced malingering and real world patients with TBI. Applied Neuropsychology: Child 9:4, pages 337-354.
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Daniel J. White, Dale Korinek, Matthew T. Bernstein, Gabriel P. Ovsiew, Zachary J. Resch & Jason R. Soble. (2020) Cross-validation of non-memory-based embedded performance validity tests for detecting invalid performance among patients with and without neurocognitive impairment. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 42:5, pages 459-472.
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Douglas M. Whiteside, Kristen Caraher, Amanda Hahn-Ketter, Owen Gaasedelen & Michael R. Basso. (2019) Classification accuracy of individual and combined executive functioning embedded performance validity measures in mild traumatic brain injury. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult 26:5, pages 472-481.
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Jonathan D. Lichtenstein, Lloyd Flaro, Fern S. Baldwin, Jaspreet Rai & Laszlo A. Erdodi. (2019) Further Evidence for Embedded Performance Validity Tests in Children within the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test – Second Edition. Developmental Neuropsychology 44:2, pages 159-171.
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Robert J. Kanser, Lisa J. Rapport, Jesse R. Bashem & Robin A. Hanks. (2019) Detecting malingering in traumatic brain injury: Combining response time with performance validity test accuracy . The Clinical Neuropsychologist 33:1, pages 90-107.
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Kelly Y. An, Jordan Charles, Sami Ali, Anca Enache, Jasmine Dhuga & Laszlo A. Erdodi. (2019) Reexamining performance validity cutoffs within the Complex Ideational Material and the Boston Naming Test–Short Form using an experimental malingering paradigm. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 41:1, pages 15-25.
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Stephanie M. Emhoff$suffix/text()$suffix/text(), Julie K. Lynch$suffix/text()$suffix/text() & Robert J. McCaffrey$suffix/text()$suffix/text(). (2018) Performance and Symptom Validity Testing in Pediatric Assessment: A Review of the Literature. Developmental Neuropsychology 43:8, pages 671-707.
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Virginia C. Persinger, Douglas M. Whiteside, Lyuba Bobova, Seema D. Saigal, Marla J. Vannucci & Michael R. Basso. (2018) Using the California Verbal Learning Test, Second Edition as an embedded performance validity measure among individuals with TBI and individuals with psychiatric disorders. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 32:6, pages 1039-1053.
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Laszlo A. Erdodi, Bradley T. Tyson, Christopher A. Abeare, Brandon G. Zuccato, Jaspreet K. Rai, Kristian R. Seke, Sanya Sagar & Robert M. Roth. (2018) Utility of critical items within the Recognition Memory Test and Word Choice Test. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult 25:4, pages 327-339.
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Tyler A. Rickards, Christopher C. Cranston, Pegah Touradji & Kathleen T. Bechtold. (2018) Embedded performance validity testing in neuropsychological assessment: Potential clinical tools. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult 25:3, pages 219-230.
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Jonathan D. Lichtenstein, Laszlo A. Erdodi, Jaspreet K. Rai, Anya Mazur-Mosiewicz & Lloyd Flaro. (2018) Wisconsin Card Sorting Test embedded validity indicators developed for adults can be extended to children. Child Neuropsychology 24:2, pages 247-260.
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Laszlo A. Erdodi & Jonathan D. Lichtenstein. (2017) Invalid before impaired: an emerging paradox of embedded validity indicators. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 31:6-7, pages 1029-1046.
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Laszlo A. Erdodi, Jonathan D. Lichtenstein, Jaspreet K. Rai & Lloyd Flaro. (2017) Embedded validity indicators in Conners’ CPT-II: Do adult cutoffs work the same way in children?. Applied Neuropsychology: Child 6:4, pages 355-363.
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Laszlo A. Erdodi & Jaspreet K. Rai. (2017) A single error is one too many: Examining alternative cutoffs on Trial 2 of the TOMM. Brain Injury 31:10, pages 1362-1368.
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Phillip K. Martin, Ben P. Hunter, Amanda M. Rach, Robin J. Heinrichs & Ryan W. Schroeder. (2017) Excessive decline from premorbid functioning: detecting performance invalidity with the WAIS-IV and demographic predictions. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 31:5, pages 829-843.
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Laszlo A. Erdodi, Bradley T. Tyson, Ayman G. Shahein, Jonathan D. Lichtenstein, Christopher A. Abeare, Chantalle L. Pelletier, Brandon G. Zuccato, Brittany Kucharski & Robert M. Roth. (2017) The power of timing: Adding a time-to-completion cutoff to the Word Choice Test and Recognition Memory Test improves classification accuracy. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 39:4, pages 369-383.
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Michael E. Keesler, Kirstie McClung, Tawny Meredith-Duliba, Kelli Williams & Thomas Swirsky-Sacchetti. (2017) Red flags in the clinical interview may forecast invalid neuropsychological testing. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 31:3, pages 619-631.
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Douglas M. Whiteside, Owen J. Gaasedelen, Amanda E. Hahn-Ketter, Hien Luu, Michelle L. Miller, Virginia Persinger, Linda Rice & Michael R. Basso. (2015) Derivation of a Cross-Domain Embedded Performance Validity Measure in Traumatic Brain Injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 29:6, pages 788-803.
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Douglas M. Whiteside, Julia Kogan, Lydia Wardin, Derek Phillips, M. Graciela Franzwa, Linda Rice, Michael Basso & Brad Roper. (2015) Language-based embedded performance validity measures in traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 37:2, pages 220-227.
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PhilipL. Rambo, JenniferL. Callahan, LindseyR. Hogan, Stephanie Hullmann & Elizabeth Wrape. (2015) Effort Testing in Children: Can Cognitive and Symptom Validity Measures Differentiate Malingered Performances?. Applied Neuropsychology: Child 4:1, pages 1-8.
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Sarah A. Van Dyke, Scott R. Millis, Bradley N. Axelrod & Robin A. Hanks. (2013) Assessing Effort: Differentiating Performance and Symptom Validity. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 27:8, pages 1234-1246.
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Jonathan S. Ord, Kevin W. Greve, Kevin J. Bianchini & Luis E. Aguerrevere. (2010) Executive dysfunction in traumatic brain injury: The effects of injury severity and effort on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 32:2, pages 132-140.
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Bradley N. Axelrod, Alycia Barlow & Christine Paradee. (2010) Evaluation of the WMS-III Rarely Missed Index in a Naïve Clinical Sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 24:1, pages 95-102.
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Kevin W. Greve, Matthew T. Heinly, Kevin J. Bianchini & Jeffrey M. Love. (2009) Malingering detection with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in mild traumatic brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 23:2, pages 343-362.
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Kelly L. Curtis, Laura K. Thompson, Kevin W. Greve$suffix/text()$suffix/text() & Kevin J. Bianchini. (2008) Verbal Fluency Indicators of Malingering in Traumatic Brain Injury: Classification Accuracy in Known Groups. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 22:5, pages 930-945.
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Glenn J. Larrabee. (2008) Aggregation Across Multiple Indicators Improves the Detection of Malingering: Relationship to Likelihood Ratios. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 22:4, pages 666-679.
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GeorgeK. Henry & Craig Enders. (2007) Probable Malingering and Performance on the Continuous Visual Memory Test. Applied Neuropsychology 14:4, pages 267-274.
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JohnW. DenBoer & Stuart Hall. (2007) Neuropsychological Test Performance of Successful Brain Injury Simulators. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 21:6, pages 943-955.
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Paul Marshall & Maggie Happe. (2007) The Performance of Individuals with Mental Retardation on Cognitive Tests Assessing Effort and Motivation. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 21:5, pages 826-840.
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KevinW. Greve, KevinJ. Bianchini & Triche Roberson. (2007) The Booklet Category Test and Malingering in Traumatic Brain Injury: Classification Accuracy in Known Groups. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 21:2, pages 318-337.
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KevinW. Greve & KevinJ. Bianchini. (2006) Classification Accuracy of the Portland Digit Recognition Test in Traumatic Brain Injury: Results of a Known-Groups Analysis. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 20:4, pages 816-830.
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KevinW. Greve, KevinJ. Bianchini & BridgetM. Doane. (2006) Classification Accuracy of the Test of Memory Malingering in Traumatic Brain Injury: Results of a Known-Groups Analysis. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 28:7, pages 1176-1190.
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KevinW. Greve, KevinJ. Bianchini, JeffreyM. Love, Adrianne Brennan & MatthewT. Heinly. (2006) Sensitivity and Specificity of MMPI-2 Validity Scales and Indicators to Malingered Neurocognitive Dysfunction in Traumatic Brain Injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 20:3, pages 491-512.
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JerryJ. Sweet, Aaron Malina & Eric Ecklund-Johnson. (2006) Application of the New MMPI-2 Malingered Depression Scale to Individuals Undergoing Neuropsychological Evaluation: Relative Lack of Relationship to Secondary Gain and Failure on Validity Indices. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 20:3, pages 541-551.
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Grant L. Iverson. (2006) Ethical Issues Associated With the Assessment of Exaggeration, Poor Effort, and Malingering. Applied Neuropsychology 13:2, pages 77-90.
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Karen Sullivan, RaelT. Lange & Sharron Dawes. (2006) Methods of Detecting Malingering and Estimated Symptom Exaggeration Base Rates in Australia. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology 4:4, pages 49-70.
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RaelT. Lange, Karen Sullivan & Debbie Anderson. (2005) Ecological Validity of the WMS-III Rarely Missed Index in Personal Injury Litigation. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 27:4, pages 412-424.
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George K. Henry. (2005) PROBABLE MALINGERING AND PERFORMANCE ON THE TEST OF VARIABLES OF ATTENTION. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 19:1, pages 121-129.
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