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Original Articles

The Effects of Keyswitch Stiffness on Typing Force, Finger Electromyography, and Subjective Discomfort

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Pages 762-769 | Published online: 04 Jun 2010

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Read on this site (7)

Krishna Asundi, PeterW. Johnson & JackT. Dennerlein. (2009) Inertia artefacts and their effect on the parameterisation of keyboard reaction forces. Ergonomics 52:10, pages 1259-1264.
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Huey-Wen Liang, Yaw-Huei Hwang & Fu-Han Chang. (2009) Effects of input methods on inter-key press intervals during continuous typing. Ergonomics 52:9, pages 1153-1161.
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MarciaJ. Bufton, RichardW. Marklin, MarkL. Nagurka & GuyG. Simoneau. (2006) Effect of keyswitch design of desktop and notebook keyboards related to key stiffness and typing force. Ergonomics 49:10, pages 996-1012.
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Alain Delisle, Christian Larivière, André Plamondon & Daniel Imbeau. (2006) Comparison of three computer office workstations offering forearm support: impact on upper limb posture and muscle activation. Ergonomics 49:2, pages 139-160.
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JackT. Dennerlein & PeterW. Johnson. (2006) Different computer tasks affect the exposure of the upper extremity to biomechanical risk factors. Ergonomics 49:1, pages 45-61.
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ThomasJ. Armstrong, Alfred Franzblau, Andrew Haig, W. Monroe Keyserling, Simon Levine, Kristin Streilein, Sheryl Ulin & Robert Werner. (2001) Developing Ergonomic Solutions for Prevention of Musculoskeletal Disorder Disability. Assistive Technology 13:2, pages 78-87.
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RobertG. Radwin, WilliamS. Marras & StevenA. Lavender. (2001) Biomechanical aspects of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 2:2, pages 153-217.
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Etienne Goubault, Felipe Verdugo, Justine Pelletier, Caroline Traube, Mickaël Begon & Fabien Dal Maso. (2021) Exhausting repetitive piano tasks lead to local forearm manifestation of muscle fatigue and negatively affect musical parameters. Scientific Reports 11:1.
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Amir Hosein Habibi Onsorodi & Orhan Korhan. (2020) Application of a genetic algorithm to the keyboard layout problem. PLOS ONE 15:1, pages e0226611.
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Sarah M. Coppola, Philippe C. Dixon, Boyi Hu, Michael Y.C. Lin & Jack T. Dennerlein. (2019) Going Short: The Effects of Short-Travel Key Switches on Typing Performance, Typing Force, Forearm Muscle Activity, and User Experience. Journal of Applied Biomechanics 35:2, pages 149-156.
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Kiana Kia, Jonathan Sisley, Peter W. Johnson & Jeong Ho Kim. (2019) Differences in typing forces, muscle activity, wrist posture, typing performance, and self-reported comfort among conventional and ultra-low travel keyboards. Applied Ergonomics 74, pages 10-16.
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Tri Pham & Nicholas Kelling. (2016) Mechanical and Membrane Keyboard Typing Assessment Using Surface Electromyography (sEMG). Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 59:1, pages 912-915.
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Jeong Ho Kim, Lovenoor Aulck, Ornwipa Thamsuwan, Michael C. Bartha & Peter W. Johnson. (2014) The Effect of Key Size of Touch Screen Virtual Keyboards on Productivity, Usability, and Typing Biomechanics. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 56:7, pages 1235-1248.
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Jeong Ho Kim, Lovenoor Aulck, Michael C. Bartha, Christy A. Harper & Peter W. Johnson. (2014) Differences in typing forces, muscle activity, comfort, and typing performance among virtual, notebook, and desktop keyboards. Applied Ergonomics 45:6, pages 1406-1413.
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Amrish O. Chourasia, Douglas A. Wiegmann, Karen B. Chen, Curtis B. Irwin & Mary E. Sesto. (2013) Effect of Sitting or Standing on Touch Screen Performance and Touch Characteristics. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55:4, pages 789-802.
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Curt B. Irwin & Mary E. Sesto. (2012) Performance and touch characteristics of disabled and non-disabled participants during a reciprocal tapping task using touch screen technology. Applied Ergonomics 43:6, pages 1038-1043.
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Anna Pereira, David L. Lee, Harini Sadeeshkumar, Charles Laroche, Dan Odell & David Rempel. (2012) The Effect of Keyboard Key Spacing on Productivity, Usability, and Biomechanics in Touch Typists with Large Hands. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 56:1, pages 1872-1876.
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Rafael Guillermo García-Cáceres, Sarah Felknor, Jorge E. Córdoba, Juan P. Caballero & Lope H. Barrero. (2012) Hand anthropometry of the Colombian floriculture workers of the Bogota plateau. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 42:2, pages 183-198.
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Curtis B. Irwin, Thomas Y. Yen, Robert H. Meyer, Gregg C. Vanderheiden, David P. Kelso & Mary E. Sesto. (2011) Use of force plate instrumentation to assess kinetic variables during touch screen use. Universal Access in the Information Society 10:4, pages 453-460.
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P. Drinkaus, T. Armstrong, J. Foulke & G. Malone. (2010) A standardized method for measuring the force required to join wire harnesses and sparkplugs. Applied Ergonomics 41:4, pages 556-562.
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Judith E. Gold, Martin Cherniack, Alexandra Hanlon & Babs Soller. (2010) Skin temperature and muscle blood volume changes in the hand after typing. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 40:2, pages 161-164.
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David L. Lee, Po-Ling Kuo, Devin L. Jindrich & Jack T. Dennerlein. (2009) Computer keyswitch force–displacement characteristics affect muscle activity patterns during index finger tapping. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 19:5, pages 810-820.
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J.N.A.L. Leijnse, N. H. Campbell-Kyureghyan, D. Spektor & P. M. Quesada. (2008) Assessment of Individual Finger Muscle Activity in the Extensor Digitorum Communis by Surface EMG. Journal of Neurophysiology 100:6, pages 3225-3235.
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Changxu Wu & Yili Liu. (2008) Queuing Network Modeling of Transcription Typing. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 15:1, pages 1-45.
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John Z. Wu, Kai-Nan An, Robert G. Cutlip, Kristine Krajnak, Daniel Welcome & Ren G. Dong. (2008) Analysis of musculoskeletal loading in an index finger during tapping. Journal of Biomechanics 41:3, pages 668-676.
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David L. Lee, Jacob Fleisher, Hugh E. McLoone, Kentaro Kotani & Jack T. Dennerlein. (2016) Alternative Computer Mouse Design and Testing to Reduce Finger Extensor Muscle Activity During Mouse Use. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 49:4, pages 573-584.
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Aruna D. Balakrishnan, Devin L. Jindrich & Jack T. Dennerlein. (2016) Keyswitch Orientation Can Reduce Finger Joint Torques During Tapping on a Computer Keyswitch. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 48:1, pages 121-129.
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Grace P.Y. Szeto, Leon M. Straker & Peter B. O’Sullivan. (2005) The effects of typing speed and force on motor control in symptomatic and asymptomatic office workers. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 35:9, pages 779-795.
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William S. Marras & Robert G. Radwin. (2016) Biomechanical Modeling. Reviews of Human Factors and Ergonomics 1:1, pages 1-88.
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Mark Nagurka & Richard Marklin. (2005) Measurement of Stiffness and Damping Characteristics of Computer Keyboard Keys. Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 127:2, pages 283-288.
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Grace P.Y. Szeto, Leon M. Straker & Peter B. O’Sullivan. (2005) The effects of speed and force of keyboard operation on neck–shoulder muscle activities in symptomatic and asymptomatic office workers. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 35:5, pages 429-444.
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Ming-I Lin, Huey-Wen Liang, Kwan-Hwa Lin & Yaw-Huei Hwang. (2004) Electromyographical assessment on muscular fatigue—an elaboration upon repetitive typing activity. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 14:6, pages 661-669.
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Devin L. Jindrich, Aruna D. Balakrishnan & Jack T. Dennerlein. (2004) Finger joint impedance during tapping on a computer keyswitch. Journal of Biomechanics 37:10, pages 1589-1596.
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Devin L Jindrich, Aruna D Balakrishnan & Jack T Dennerlein. (2004) Effects of keyswitch design and finger posture on finger joint kinematics and dynamics during tapping on computer keyswitches. Clinical Biomechanics 19:6, pages 600-608.
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Guy G Simoneau, Richard W MarklinJoseph E Berman. (2003) Effect of Computer Keyboard Slope on Wrist Position and Forearm Electromyography of Typists Without Musculoskeletal Disorders. Physical Therapy 83:9, pages 816-830.
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Jack Dennerlein, Maria-Helena DiMarino, Ted Becker & Peter Johnson. (2016) Wrist and Shoulder Muscle Activity Changes Across Computer Tasks. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46:13, pages 1129-1132.
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Michael J. Gerard, Thomas J. Armstrong, Bernard J. Martin & David A. Rempel. (2016) The Effects of Work Pace on Within-Participant and Between-Participant Keying Force, Electromyography, and Fatigue. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 44:1, pages 51-61.
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Michael J Gerard, Thomas J Armstrong, David A Rempel & Chuck Woolley. (2002) Short term and long term effects of enhanced auditory feedback on typing force, EMG, and comfort while typing. Applied Ergonomics 33:2, pages 129-138.
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Thomas J. Armstrong, W. Monroe Keyserling, Sheryl S. Ulin & Matthew M. Marshall. (2016) A Hierarchical Job Analysis System for Assessing Physical Work Barriers. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 44:26, pages 237-240.
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