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Applied Economics Volume 37, 2005 - Issue 16
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Original Articles

Who do we tip and why? An empirical investigation

Ofer H. Azar
Pages 1871-1879 | Published online: 01 Sep 2006

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Shu Wang & Catherine K. Jiao. (2022) Leveraging behavioural economics in smart nudge design through data-driven prospect-theoretic modelling and context-aware intelligent reasoning: application to smart tip nudging. Journal of Engineering Design 33:11, pages 896-918.
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Anna Kukla Gryz, Katarzyna Zagórska & Peter Szewczyk. (2022) Cross-cultural differences in voluntary payment decisions. Evidence from guided tours. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 20:1-2, pages 78-99.
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Jason Tang, Carola Raab, Dina Marie V Zemke & Choongbeom Choi. (2022) The effect of the minimum server wage on restaurant guest tipping behavior. Journal of Foodservice Business Research 25:1, pages 1-32.
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Michael Lynn, Robert J. Kwortnik$suffix/text()$suffix/text() & Michael C. Sturman. (2011) Voluntary tipping and the selective attraction and retention of service workers in the USA: an application of the ASA model. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 22:9, pages 1887-1901.
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Ofer H. Azar. (2010) Do people tip because of psychological or strategic motivations? An empirical analysis of restaurant tipping. Applied Economics 42:23, pages 3039-3044.
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Jui-Chi Chang. (2010) Tipping Perceptions: Taiwanese Tour Leaders' Perspectives. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration 11:3, pages 219-241.
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Ho J. Shirley. (2010) Social norms and emission tax multiple equilibria in adopting pollution abatement device. Applied Economics 42:1, pages 97-105.
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Ofer H. Azar. (2009) Incentives and service quality in the restaurant industry: the tipping–service puzzle. Applied Economics 41:15, pages 1917-1927.
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Articles from other publishers (46)

Yan Wen, Hongyan Dai, Xun Xu & Tingting Tong. (2024) More to tip, or tip more? Examining consumers' preservice tipping behavior in the on-demand supermarket delivery context. Decision Support Systems 178, pages 114125.
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Oz Shy. (2024) Rising Tipping Rates, Expanding Variety of Tipped Services, and Social Norms. SSRN Electronic Journal.
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Priya Raghubir & Shirley Bluvstein. (2023) From bribes to bequests and gifts to gratuities: The black, white, and shades of gray of how and why consumers pay what they want. Consumer Psychology Review 7:1, pages 75-92.
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Hai Wang, Tian Lu, Yingjie Zhang, Yue Wu, Yiheng Sun, Jingran Dong & Wen Huang. (2023) Last Digit Tendency: Lucky Numbers and Psychological Rounding in Mobile Transactions. Fundamental Research.
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Zhongbin Wang, Luyi Yang, Shiliang Cui, Sezer Ülkü & Yong-Pin Zhou. (2023) Pooling Agents for Customer-Intensive Services. Operations Research 71:3, pages 860-875.
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Simon Pek. (2022) The Tip of the Iceberg: A Roadmap for Management Research on Tipping. Journal of Management Inquiry 31:3, pages 326-330.
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Michael Lynn. (2021) The effects of injunctive and descriptive tipping norms on tipping behavior and motives. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics 95, pages 101786.
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Michael Lynn. (2021) The effects of occupational characteristics on the motives underlying tipping of different occupations. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics 95, pages 101783.
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Iwona Kowalczuk & Jerzy Gębski. (2021) Factors influencing restaurant tipping behaviour – the case of Poland. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research 15:2, pages 172-182.
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Shirley Bluvstein Netter & Priya Raghubir. (2021) Tip to Show Off: Impression Management Motivations Increase Consumers’ Generosity. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research 6:1, pages 120-129.
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Lisa Cain & Katerina Berezina. 2021. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2021. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2021 222 227 .
Tuğba PALA. (2020) The Tip Perception of the Hotel Employees: Wage or Reward?. Ege Akademik Bakis (Ege Academic Review), pages 209-220.
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Won Kyung Lee & So Young Sohn. (2020) A large-scale data-based investigation on the relationship between bad weather and taxi tipping. Journal of Environmental Psychology 70, pages 101458.
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Tuğba PALA MORKOÇ. (2020) The Tip Perception of the Hotel Employees: Wage or Reward?. Ege Akademik Bakis (Ege Academic Review).
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Michael Lynn & Zachary W. Brewster. (2019) The Tipping Behavior and Motives of US Travelers Abroad: Affected by Host Nations’ Tipping Norms?. Journal of Travel Research 59:6, pages 993-1007.
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Ismail Karabas, Marissa Orlowski & Sarah Lefebvre. (2020) What am I tipping you for? Customer response to tipping requests at limited-service restaurants. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 32:5, pages 2007-2026.
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Michael Lynn. (2019) Predictors of occupational differences in tipping. International Journal of Hospitality Management 81, pages 221-228.
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Amir B. Ferreira Neto, Adam Nowak & Amanda Ross. (2018) Do Tourists Tip More Than Local Consumers? Evidence from Taxi Rides in New York City. International Regional Science Review 42:3-4, pages 281-306.
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Iwona Kowalczuk, Jerzy Gębski, Agnieszka Maciąg & Beata Sawicka. (2019) Tipping behavior of polish consumers - the segmentation approach. Ekonomiczne Problemy Turystyki 45, pages 53-61.
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Michael Lynn. (2018) How motivations for tipping vary with occupational differences in descriptive tipping norms. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics 77, pages 1-10.
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Paul Sergius Koku & Selen Savas. (2016) Restaurant tipping and customers’ susceptibility to emotional contagion. Journal of Services Marketing 30:7, pages 762-772.
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Michael Lynn. (2016) Why are we more likely to tip some service occupations than others? Theory, evidence, and implications. Journal of Economic Psychology 54, pages 134-150.
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Alex I. Thompson. (2014) Wrangling Tips. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 44:6, pages 737-765.
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Michael Lynn & Mark M. Starbuck. (2015) Tipping customs: The effects of national differences in attitudes toward tipping and sensitivities to duty and social pressure. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics 57, pages 158-166.
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Michael Lynn. (2015) Explanations of service gratuities and tipping: Evidence from individual differences in tipping motivations and tendencies. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics 55, pages 65-71.
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Diego Gambetta. 2015. Rationality, Democracy, and Justice. Rationality, Democracy, and Justice 97 114 .
Michael Lynn. (2015) Service gratuities and tipping: A motivational framework. Journal of Economic Psychology 46, pages 74-88.
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Jeremy E. Whaley, Alecia C. Douglas & Martin A. O’Neill. (2014) What's in a tip? The creation and refinement of a restaurant-tipping motivations scale: A consumer perspective. International Journal of Hospitality Management 37, pages 121-130.
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Cherylynn Becker, Gregory T. Bradley & Ken Zantow. (2012) The underlying dimensions of tipping behavior: An exploration, confirmation, and predictive model. International Journal of Hospitality Management 31:1, pages 247-256.
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Ingrid Y. Lin & Karthik Namasivayam. (2011) Understanding restaurant tipping systems: a human resources perspective. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 23:7, pages 923-940.
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Ofer H. Azar. (2011) Business strategy and the social norm of tipping. Journal of Economic Psychology 32:3, pages 515-525.
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Agnès Festré. (2010) INCENTIVES AND SOCIAL NORMS: A MOTIVATION‐BASED ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL NORMS. Journal of Economic Surveys 24:3, pages 511-538.
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Ofer H. Azar. (2010) Tipping Motivations and Behavior in the U.S. and Israel. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 40:2, pages 421-457.
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Stephen G. Saunders & Michael Lynn. (2010) Why tip? An empirical test of motivations for tipping car guards. Journal of Economic Psychology 31:1, pages 106-113.
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Robert J. KwortnikJr.Jr., W. Michael LynnWilliam T. RossJr.Jr.. (2018) Buyer Monitoring: A Means to Insure Personalized Service. Journal of Marketing Research 46:5, pages 573-583.
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Steven J. Holland. (2009) Tipping as risk sharing. The Journal of Socio-Economics 38:4, pages 641-647.
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Liliana L. Bove, Simon J. Pervan, Sharon E. Beatty & Edward Shiu. (2009) Service worker role in encouraging customer organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Business Research 62:7, pages 698-705.
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Ofer H. Azar & Yossi Tobol. (2008) Tipping as a Strategic Investment in Service Quality: An Optimal‐Control Analysis of Repeated Interactions in the Service Industry. Southern Economic Journal 75:1, pages 246-260.
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Ofer H. Azar. (2007) Do people tip strategically, to improve future service? Theory and evidence. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique 40:2, pages 515-527.
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Ofer H. Azar. (2007) The Social Norm of Tipping: A Review 1 . Journal of Applied Social Psychology 37:2, pages 380-402.
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Ofer H. Azar. (2005) The Social Norm of Tipping: Does it Improve Social Welfare?. Journal of Economics 85:2, pages 141-173.
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Zhongbin Wang, Luyi Yang, Shiliang Cui, Sezer Ulku & Yong-Pin Zhou. (2020) Pooling Agents for Customer-Intensive Services. SSRN Electronic Journal.
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Shirley Bluvstein Netter & Priya Raghubir. (2021) When You Charge Less than a Jackson Greens Best Be Your Nudging Action: Framing Choice Alternatives in the New Age of Voluntary Payments Economy. SSRN Electronic Journal.
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Cihan Uzmanoglu. (2020) The Stock Market Tips. SSRN Electronic Journal.
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Amir Borges Ferreira Neto, Adam Nowak & Amanda Ross. (2017) Do Tourists Tip More Than Local Consumers? Evidence of Taxi Rides in New York City. SSRN Electronic Journal.
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Ofer H. Azar. (2006) Tipping, Firm Strategy, and Industrial Organization. SSRN Electronic Journal.
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