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Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal Volume 30, 1975 - Issue 10
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Original Articles

The Lead Content of Teeth

Evidence Establishing New Minimal Levels of Exposure in a Living Preindustrialized Human Population

Irving M. Shapiro PhD Center for Oral Health Research and School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
,
Gail Mitchell MA Center for Oral Health Research and School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
,
Isabel Davidson MA Center for Oral Health Research and School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
&
Solomon H. Katz PhD Departments of pediatric dentistry and anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Krogman Center for Research in Child Growth and Development Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia; Division of Psychoendocrinology, Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute, Philadelphia
Pages 483-486 | Received 27 Oct 1974, Accepted 27 Jan 1975, Published online: 02 May 2013

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Marzie Boskabady, Vahideh Ghorani, Sima Beigoli & Mohammad Hossein Boskabady. (2022) The effects of environmental lead on teeth and bone status and the mechanisms of these effects, animal and human evidence, a review. Toxin Reviews 41:4, pages 1396-1415.
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Tuula E. Tuormaa. (1994) The Adverse Effects of Lead. Journal of Nutritional Medicine 4:4, pages 449-461.
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LorentzE. Wittmers$suffix/text()$suffix/text(), Joann Wallgren, Agnes Alich, ArthurC. Aufderheide & George Rapp$suffix/text()$suffix/text(). (1988) Lead in Bone. IV. Distribution of Lead in the Human Skeleton. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal 43:6, pages 381-391.
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Philippe Grandjean & Clair C. Patterson. (1988) Ancient Skeletons as Silent Witnesses of Lead Exposures in the Past. CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology 19:1, pages 11-21.
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Jeanne Marecek, IrvingM. Shapiro, Anita Burke, SolomonH. Katz & MaryL. Hediger. (1983) Low-Level Lead Exposure in Childhood Influences Neuropsychological Performance. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal 38:6, pages 355-359.
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J. E. Fergusson, M. L. Jansen & A. W. Sheat. (1980) Lead in deciduous teeth in relation to environmental lead. Environmental Technology Letters 1:8, pages 376-383.
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Gisle Fosse & Nils-Petter Berg Justesen. (1978) Lead in Deciduous Teeth of Norwegian Children. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal 33:4, pages 166-175.
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Andrew G. Mackie, Robert Stephens, Alan Townshend & Harry A. Waldron. (1977) Tooth Lead Levels in Birmingham Children. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal 32:4, pages 178-185.
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Anastasia Brozou, Marcello A. Mannino, Stijn J. M. Van Malderen, Jan Garrevoet, Eric Pubert, Benjamin T. Fuller, M. Christopher Dean, Thomas Colard, Frédéric Santos, Niels Lynnerup, Jesper L. Boldsen, Marie Louise Jørkov, Andrei Dorian Soficaru, Laszlo Vincze & Adeline Le Cabec. (2023) Using SXRF and LA-ICP-TOFMS to Explore Evidence of Treatment and Physiological Responses to Leprosy in Medieval Denmark. Biology 12:2, pages 184.
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Magdalena Blanz, Kate Britton, Karen Grant & Jörg Feldmann. (2018) Potential dietary, non-metabolic accumulation of arsenic (As) in seaweed-eating sheep's teeth: Implications for archaeological studies. Journal of Archaeological Science 94, pages 21-31.
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B. Karahalil, B. Aykanat & N. Ertaş. (2007) Dental lead levels in children from two different urban and suburban areas of Turkey. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 210:2, pages 107-112.
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P. Bloch, I.M. Shapiro, L. Soule, A. Close & B. Revich. (1998) Assessment of lead exposure of children from K-XRF measurements of shed teeth. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 49:5-6, pages 703-705.
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Tamiji Nakashima, Haruki Hayashi, Hiraku Tashiro & Takayuki Matsushita. (2006) Gender and Hierarchical Differences in Lead‐Contaminated Japanese Bone from the Edo Period. Journal of Occupational Health 40:1, pages 55-60.
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BL Gulson, CW Jameson & BR Gillings. (1997) Stable Lead Isotopes in Teeth as Indicators of Past Domicile—A Potential New Tool in Forensic Science?. Journal of Forensic Sciences 42:5, pages 787-791.
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F. Gil, A. Facio, E. Villanueva, M.L. Pérez, R. Tojo & A. Gil. (1996) The association of tooth lead content with dental health factors. Science of The Total Environment 192:2, pages 183-191.
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F. Gil, M.L. Pérez, A. Facio, E. Villanueva, R. Tojo & A. Gil. (1994) Dental lead levels in the Galician population, Spain. Science of The Total Environment 156:2, pages 145-150.
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Iman A. S. Al‐Saleh. (2006) The biochemical and clinical consequences of lead poisoning. Medicinal Research Reviews 14:4, pages 415-486.
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Michael B. Rabinowitz, Alan Leviton & David Bellinger. (1993) Relationships between serial blood lead levels and exfoliated tooth dentin lead levels: Models of tooth lead kinetics. Calcified Tissue International 53:5, pages 338-341.
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Tom Greene & Claire B. Ernhart. (1993) Dentine lead and intelligence prior to school entry: A statistical sensitivity analysis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 46:4, pages 323-339.
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Jonathon E. Ericson. 1993. Prehistoric Human Bone. Prehistoric Human Bone 157 171 .
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Michael B. Rabinowitz, David Bellinger, Alan Leviton & Jung -Der Wang. (1991) Lead levels among various deciduous tooth types. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 47:4, pages 602-608.
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Clair Patterson, Jonathon Ericson, Mirela Manea-Krichten & Hiroshi Shirahata. (1991) Natural skeletal levels of lead in Homo sapiens sapiens uncontaminated by technological lead. Science of The Total Environment 107, pages 205-236.
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Mirela Manea-Krichten, Clair Patterson, George Miller, Dorothy Settle & Yigal Erel. (1991) Comparative increases of lead and barium with age in human tooth enamel, rib and ulna. Science of The Total Environment 107, pages 179-203.
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Roberto Cleymaet, Peter Bottenberg, Dick Slop, Robert Clara & Danny Coomans. (2006) Study of lead and cadmium content of surface enamel of schoolchildren from an industrial area in Belgium. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 19:2, pages 107-111.
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R.M. Frank, M.L. Sargentini-Maier, J.C. Turlot & M.J.F. Leroy. (2016) Comparison of Lead Levels in Human Permanent Teeth from Strasbourg, Mexico City, and Rural Zones of Alsace. Journal of Dental Research 69:1, pages 90-93.
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Akira Hisanaga, Miyuki Hirata, Akiyo Tanaka, Noburu Ishinishi & Yukuo Eguchi. (1989) Variation of trace metals in ancient and contemporary Japanese bones. Biological Trace Element Research 22:3, pages 221-231.
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Philippe Grandjean & Niels Berg Olsen. 1989. Evaluation of Analytical Methods in Biological Systems - Hazardous Metals in Human Toxicology. Evaluation of Analytical Methods in Biological Systems - Hazardous Metals in Human Toxicology 153 169 .
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Roberto Cesareo. 1988. Nuclear Analytical Techniques in Medicine. Nuclear Analytical Techniques in Medicine 19 121 .
Jack E. Fergusson & Nigel G. Purchase. (1987) The analysis and levels of lead in human teeth: A review. Environmental Pollution 46:1, pages 11-44.
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C.C. Patterson, H. Shirahata & J.E. Ericson. (1987) Lead in ancient human bones and its relevance to historical developments of social problems with lead. Science of The Total Environment 61, pages 167-200.
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B. E. Davies & R. J. Anderson. (1987) The epidemiology of dental caries in relation to environmental trace elements. Experientia 43:1, pages 87-92.
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R.N. Khandekar, Radha Raghunath & U.C. Mishra. (1986) Lead levels in teeth of an urban Indian population. Science of The Total Environment 58:3, pages 231-236.
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Jack E Fergusson. (1986) Lead: Petrol lead in the environment and its contribution to human blood lead levels. Science of The Total Environment 50, pages 1-54.
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José Rivera‐Utrilla, Maria A. Ferro‐García, María D. Mingorance & Isidora Bautista‐Toledo. (2007) Adsorption of lead on activated carbons from olive stones. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 36:2, pages 47-52.
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Irving M. Shapiro & Jeanne Marecek. (1984) Dentine lead concentration as a predictor of neuropsychological functioning in inner-city children. Biological Trace Element Research 6:1, pages 69-78.
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Steven A. Witkowski, Scott R. Ault & Robert W. Field. (1982) Lead concentrations in white-tailed deer mandibles and teeth. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 28:5, pages 561-565.
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A Steenhout & M Pourtois. (1981) Lead accumulation in teeth as a function of age with different exposures.. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 38:3, pages 297-303.
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Irving M. Shapiro, Anita Burke, Gail Mitchell & Peter Bloch. (1978) X-ray fluorescence analysis of lead in teeth of urban children in situ: Correlation between the tooth lead level and the concentration of blood lead and free erythroporphyrins. Environmental Research 17:1, pages 46-52.
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Michael R. Moore, Brian C. Campbell, Peter A. Meredith, Alistair D. Beattie, Abraham Goldberg & Dugald Campbell. (1978) The association between lead concentrations in teeth and domestic water lead concentrations. Clinica Chimica Acta 87:1, pages 77-83.
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Merril EisenbudMerril Eisenbud. 1978. Environment, Technology, and Health. Environment, Technology, and Health 247 266 .
HV Kuhnlein & DH Calloway. (1977) Minerals in human teeth: differences between preindustrial and contemporary Hopi Indians. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 30:6, pages 883-886.
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R. Stephens & H.A. Waldron. (2016) Body Burdens of Lead in Birmingham. Royal Society of Health Journal 96:4, pages 176-180.
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