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Original Articles

Laying hens in large flocks in a perchery system: Influence of stocking density on location, use of resources and behaviour

Pages 165-176 | Published online: 28 Jun 2010

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (7)

T. Z. Sibanda, S. W. Walkden-Brown, M. Kolakshyapati, B. Dawson, D. Schneider, M. Welch, Z. Iqbal, A. Cohen-Barnhouse, N. K. Morgan, J. Boshoff & I. Ruhnke. (2020) Flock use of the range is associated with the use of different components of a multi-tier aviary system in commercial free-range laying hens. British Poultry Science 61:2, pages 97-106.
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I. C. Pettersson, C. A. Weeks, K. I. Norman, T. G. Knowles & C. J. Nicol. (2018) Internal roosting location is associated with differential use of the outdoor range by free-range laying hens. British Poultry Science 59:2, pages 135-140.
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I.C. Pettersson, R. Freire & C.J. Nicol. (2016) Factors affecting ranging behaviour in commercial free-range hens. World's Poultry Science Journal 72:1, pages 137-150.
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V. Sandilands, C. Moinard & N.H.C. Sparks. (2009) Providing laying hens with perches: fulfilling behavioural needs but causing injury?. British Poultry Science 50:4, pages 395-406.
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Valentina Ferrante. (2009) Welfare issues of modern laying hen farming. Italian Journal of Animal Science 8:sup1, pages 175-189.
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C. J. Nicol, S.N. Brown, E. Glen, S.J. Pope, F.J. Short, P.D. Warriss, P.H. Zimmerman & L.J. Wilkins. (2006) Effects of stocking density, flock size and management on the welfare of laying hens in single-tier aviaries. British Poultry Science 47:2, pages 135-146.
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K. Odén, L.J. Keeling & B. Algers. (2002) Behaviour of laying hens in two types of aviary systems on 25 commercial farms in Sweden. British Poultry Science 43:2, pages 169-181.
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Articles from other publishers (58)

P. Yin, Q. Tong, B.M. Li, W.C. Zheng, Y. Wang, H.Q. Peng, X.L. Xue & S.Q. Wei. (2024) Spatial distribution, movement, body damage, and feather condition of laying hens in a multi-tier system. Poultry Science 103:1, pages 103202.
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Tessa C Grebey, Janice C Swanson, Tina M Widowski, Robert J Tempelman & Janice M Siegford. (2023) Variation in litter occupancy and dust bathing patterns among layer strains following periods of litter restriction. Poultry Science, pages 103322.
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Søren Saxmose Nielsen, Julio Alvarez, Dominique Joseph Bicout, Paolo Calistri, Elisabetta Canali, Julian Ashley Drewe, Bruno Garin‐Bastuji, Jose Luis Gonzales Rojas, Christian Gortázar Schmidt, Mette Herskin, Miguel Ángel Miranda Chueca, Barbara Padalino, Paolo Pasquali, Helen Clare Roberts, Hans Spoolder, Karl Stahl, Antonio Velarde, Arvo Viltrop, Christoph Winckler, Inmaculada Estevez, Maryse Guinebretière, Bas Rodenburg, Lars Schrader, Inga Tiemann, Thea Van Niekerk, Michele Ardizzone, Sean Ashe, Michaela Hempen, Olaf Mosbach‐Schulz, Cristina Rojo Gimeno, Yves Van der Stede, Marika Vitali & Virginie Michel. (2023) Welfare of laying hens on farm. EFSA Journal 21:2.
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Luwei Nie, Qian Hu, Qin Tong, Chao Liang, Baoming Li, Mingxia Han, Yuling You, Xingyan Yue, Xiao Yang & Chaoyuan Wang. (2022) Effects of Body-Mounted Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) Backpacks on Space Use and Behaviors of Laying Hens in a Perchery System. Agriculture 12:11, pages 1898.
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Angela Schwarzer, Christina Plattner, Shana Bergmann, Elke Rauch, Michael Erhard, Sven Reese & Helen Louton. (2021) Feather Pecking in Non-Beak-Trimmed and Beak-Trimmed Laying Hens on Commercial Farms with Aviaries. Animals 11:11, pages 3085.
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Kadir Erensoy, Musa Sarıca, Moise Noubandiguim, Mete Dur & Resul Aslan. (2021) Effect of light intensity and stocking density on the performance, egg quality, and feather condition of laying hens reared in a battery cage system over the first laying period. Tropical Animal Health and Production 53:2.
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Jakob Winter, Michael Jeffrey Toscano & Ariane Stratmann. (2021) Piling behaviour in Swiss layer flocks: Description and related factors. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 236, pages 105272.
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Amanda Pufall, Alexandra Harlander-Matauschek, Michelle Hunniford & Tina M. Widowski. (2021) Effects of Rearing Aviary Style and Genetic Strain on the Locomotion and Musculoskeletal Characteristics of Layer Pullets. Animals 11:3, pages 634.
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Tessa C. Grebey, Ahmed B.A. Ali, Janice C. Swanson, Tina M. Widowski & Janice M. Siegford. (2020) Dust bathing in laying hens: strain, proximity to, and number of conspecifics matter. Poultry Science 99:9, pages 4103-4112.
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M. Singh & P. J. Groves. (2020) Welfare implications for barn (and aviary) egg production systems. Animal Production Science 61:10, pages 837-847.
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Si Nae Cheon, Yang-Ho Choi, Kyu-Hyun Park, Jun Yeob Lee & Jung Hwan Jeon. (2020) Adaptational changes of behaviors in hens introduced to a multi-tier system. Journal of Animal Science and Technology 62:2, pages 276-291.
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B.A. Ali, M. Toscano & J.M. Siegford. (2019) Later exposure to perches and nests reduces individual hens' occupancy of vertical space in an aviary and increases force of falls at night. Poultry Science 98:12, pages 6251-6262.
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Christina Rufener, Yandy Abreu, Lucy Asher, John A. Berezowski, Filipe Maximiano Sousa, Ariane Stratmann & Michael J. Toscano. (2019) Keel bone fractures are associated with individual mobility of laying hens in an aviary system. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 217, pages 48-56.
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Ariane Stratmann, Selina Mühlemann, Sabine Vögeli & Nadine Ringgenberg. (2019) Frequency of falls in commercial aviary-housed laying hen flocks and the effects of dusk phase length. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 216, pages 26-32.
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E. Tobias Krause & Lars Schrader. (2019) Suggestions to Derive Maximum Stocking Densities for Layer Pullets. Animals 9:6, pages 348.
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Christopher J. Liebers, Angela Schwarzer, Michael Erhard, Paul Schmidt & Helen Louton. (2019) The influence of environmental enrichment and stocking density on the plumage and health conditions of laying hen pullets. Poultry Science 98:6, pages 2474-2488.
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D.L.M. Campbell, E.N. de Haas & C. Lee. (2019) A review of environmental enrichment for laying hens during rearing in relation to their behavioral and physiological development. Poultry Science 98:1, pages 9-28.
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Janja Sirovnik, Ariane Stratmann, Sabine G. Gebhardt-Henrich, Hanno Würbel & Michael J. Toscano. (2018) Feeding from perches in an aviary system reduces aggression and mortality in laying hens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 202, pages 53-62.
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Lisa Jung & Ute Knierim. (2018) Are practice recommendations for the prevention of feather pecking in laying hens in non-cage systems in line with the results of experimental and epidemiological studies?. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 200, pages 1-12.
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Elizabeth R. Riddle, Ahmed B. A. Ali, Dana L. M. Campbell & Janice M. Siegford. (2018) Space use by 4 strains of laying hens to perch, wing flap, dust bathe, stand and lie down. PLOS ONE 13:1, pages e0190532.
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Janja Sirovnik, Hanno Würbel & Michael J. Toscano. (2018) Feeder space affects access to the feeder, aggression, and feed conversion in laying hens in an aviary system. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 198, pages 75-82.
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Inma Estevez. 2018. Advances in Poultry Welfare. Advances in Poultry Welfare 243 262 .
Isabelle C. Pettersson, Claire A. Weeks, Kate I. Norman & Christine J. Nicol. (2017) The ability of laying pullets to negotiate two ramp designs as measured by bird preference and behaviour. PeerJ 5, pages e4069.
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D. L.M. Campbell, A. B.A. Ali, D.M. Karcher & J.M. Siegford. (2017) Laying hens in aviaries with different litter substrates: Behavior across the flock cycle and feather lipid content. Poultry Science 96:11, pages 3824-3835.
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D.L.M. Campbell, G.N. Hinch, J.A. Downing & C. Lee. (2017) Outdoor stocking density in free-range laying hens: effects on behaviour and welfare. Animal 11:6, pages 1036-1045.
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A. Winkel, J.W. van Riel, R.A. van Emous, A.J.A. Aarnink, P.W.G. Groot Koerkamp & N.W.M. Ogink. (2016) Abatement of particulate matter emission from experimental aviary housings for laying hens by spraying rapeseed oil. Poultry Science 95:12, pages 2836-2848.
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A.B.A. Ali, D.L.M. Campbell, D.M. Karcher & J.M. Siegford. (2016) Influence of genetic strain and access to litter on spatial distribution of 4 strains of laying hens in an aviary system. Poultry Science 95:11, pages 2489-2502.
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Dana L.M. Campbell, Darrin M. Karcher & Janice M. Siegford. (2016) Location tracking of individual laying hens housed in aviaries with different litter substrates. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 184, pages 74-79.
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Xin Huo & Pongchan Na-Lampang. (2016) Effects of stocking density on feather pecking and aggressive behavior in Thai crossbred chickens. Agriculture and Natural Resources 50:5, pages 396-399.
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D.L.M. Campbell, S.L. Goodwin, M.M. Makagon, J.C. Swanson & J.M. Siegford. (2016) Failed landings after laying hen flight in a commercial aviary over two flock cycles. Poultry Science 95:1, pages 188-197.
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D.L.M. Campbell, M.M. Makagon, J.C. Swanson & J.M. Siegford. (2016) Laying hen movement in a commercial aviary: Enclosure to floor and back again. Poultry Science 95:1, pages 176-187.
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D.L.M. Campbell, M.M. Makagon, J.C. Swanson & J.M. Siegford. (2016) Litter use by laying hens in a commercial aviary: dust bathing and piling. Poultry Science 95:1, pages 164-175.
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Guiomar Liste, Irene Campderrich, Ignacia Beltrán de Heredia & Inma Estevez. (2015) The relevance of variations in group size and phenotypic appearance on the behaviour and movement patterns of young domestic fowl. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 163, pages 144-157.
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S. Steenfeldt & B.L. Nielsen. (2015) Welfare of organic laying hens kept at different indoor stocking densities in a multi-tier aviary system. II: live weight, health measures and perching. Animal 9:9, pages 1518-1528.
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S. Steenfeldt & B.L. Nielsen. (2015) Welfare of organic laying hens kept at different indoor stocking densities in a multi-tier aviary system. I: egg laying, and use of veranda and outdoor area. Animal 9:9, pages 1509-1517.
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Ane Rodriguez-Aurrekoetxea & Inma Estevez. (2014) Aggressiveness in the domestic fowl: Distance versus ‘attitude’. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 153, pages 68-74.
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T.L. Lentfer, S.G. Gebhardt-Henrich, E.K.F. Fröhlich & E. von Borell. (2013) Nest use is influenced by the positions of nests and drinkers in aviaries. Poultry Science 92:6, pages 1433-1442.
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C.L. Daigle, D. Banerjee, S. Biswas & J.M. Siegford. (2012) Noncaged laying hens remain unflappable while wearing body-mounted sensors: Levels of agonistic behaviors remain unchanged and resource use is not reduced after habituation. Poultry Science 91:10, pages 2415-2423.
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A Brigh, D Brass, J Clachan, KA Drake & AD Joret. (2023) Canopy cover is correlated with reduced injurious feather pecking in commercial flocks of free-range laying hens. Animal Welfare 20:3, pages 329-338.
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P.H. Zimmerman, S.A.F. Buijs, J.E. Bolhuis & L.J. Keeling. (2011) Behaviour of domestic fowl in anticipation of positive and negative stimuli. Animal Behaviour 81:3, pages 569-577.
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KA Merrigan, MR Bailey & W Lockeretz. (2023) Strengthening US organic standards on animal health and welfare. Animal Welfare 19:1, pages 45-54.
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Erin Hoerl Leone, Mary C. Christman, Larry Douglass & Inma Estevez. (2010) Separating the impact of group size, density, and enclosure size on broiler movement and space use at a decreasing perimeter to area ratio. Behavioural Processes 83:1, pages 16-22.
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Tsuyoshi Shimmura, Tomokazu Suzuki, Toshihide Azuma, Satoshi Hirahara, Yusuke Eguchi, Katsuji Uetake & Toshio Tanaka. (2008) Form but not frequency of beak use by hens is changed by housing system. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 115:1-2, pages 44-54.
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Erin Hoerl Leone & Inma Estevez. (2008) Use of space in the domestic fowl: separating the effects of enclosure size, group size and density. Animal Behaviour 76:5, pages 1673-1682.
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Sandra Colson, Cécile Arnould & Virginie Michel. (2008) Influence of rearing conditions of pullets on space use and performance of hens placed in aviaries at the beginning of the laying period. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 111:3-4, pages 286-300.
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E.H. Leone & I. Estévez. (2008) Space Use According to the Distribution of Resources and Level of Competition. Poultry Science 87:1, pages 3-13.
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Inma Estevez, Inger-Lise Andersen & Eric Nævdal. (2007) Group size, density and social dynamics in farm animals. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 103:3-4, pages 185-204.
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Patrick H. Zimmerman, A.Cecilia Lindberg, Stuart J. Pope, Elizabeth Glen, J. Elizabeth Bolhuis & Christine J. Nicol. (2006) The effect of stocking density, flock size and modified management on laying hen behaviour and welfare in a non-cage system. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 101:1-2, pages 111-124.
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. (2005) Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on a request from the Commission related to the welfare aspects of various systems of keeping laying hens. EFSA Journal 3:3, pages 197.
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Kristina Odén, Charlotte Berg, Stefan Gunnarsson & Bo Algers. (2004) Male rank order, space use and female attachment in large flocks of laying hens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 87:1-2, pages 83-94.
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C. Moinard, P. Statham, M.J. Haskell, C. McCorquodale, R.B. Jones & P.R. Green. (2004) Accuracy of laying hens in jumping upwards and downwards between perches in different light environments. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 85:1-2, pages 77-92.
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Inma Estevez, Linda J. Keeling & Ruth C. Newberry. (2003) Decreasing aggression with increasing group size in young domestic fowl. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 84:3, pages 213-218.
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Inma Estevez, Ruth C Newberry & Linda J Keeling. (2002) Dynamics of aggression in the domestic fowl. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 76:4, pages 307-325.
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C.J. Pötzsch, K. Lewis, C.J. Nicol & L.E. Green. (2001) A cross-sectional study of the prevalence of vent pecking in laying hens in alternative systems and its associations with feather pecking, management and disease. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 74:4, pages 259-272.
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Ruth C Newberry, Inma Estevez & Linda J Keeling. (2001) Group size and perching behaviour in young domestic fowl. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 73:2, pages 117-129.
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C.E Channing, B.O Hughes & A.W Walker. (2001) Spatial distribution and behaviour of laying hens housed in an alternative system. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 72:4, pages 335-345.
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L.S. Cordiner & C.J. Savory. (2001) Use of perches and nestboxes by laying hens in relation to social status, based on examination of consistency of ranking orders and frequency of interaction. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 71:4, pages 305-317.
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C.J Nicol, N.G Gregory, T.G Knowles, I.D Parkman & L.J Wilkins. (1999) Differential effects of increased stocking density, mediated by increased flock size, on feather pecking and aggression in laying hens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 65:2, pages 137-152.
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