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Combustion Science and Technology Volume 169, 2001 - Issue 1
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Original Articles

FORMATION OF POILYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS BY CuCI2-CATALYZED CONDENSATION OF 2,6 CHLORINATED PHENOLS

JAMES A. MULHOLLAND Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USAView further author information
&
JAE-YONG RYU Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Pages 107-126 | Received 05 Apr 2001, Accepted 08 Jul 2001, Published online: 27 Apr 2007

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Yingzhe Du, Yuqi Jin, Shengyong Lu, Zheng Peng, Xiaodong Li & Jianhua Yan. (2013) Study of PCDD/Fs distribution in fly ash, ash deposits, and bottom ash from a medical waste incinerator in China. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 63:2, pages 230-236.
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Articles from other publishers (46)

Yuxuan Ying, Yunfeng Ma, Xiaodong Li & Xiaoqing Lin. (2021) Emission Characteristics and Formation Pathways of PCDD/Fs from Cocombustion of Municipal Solid Waste in a Large-Scale Coal-Fired Power Plant. Energy & Fuels 35:9, pages 8221-8233.
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Dan Wang, Haijun Zhang, Meihui Ren, Yun Fan, Yuan Gao, Zhenzhong Yang Lv, Ying Yu & Jiping Chen. (2020) Electrophilic chlorination of dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran over composite copper and iron chlorides and oxides in combustion flue gas. Chemosphere 256, pages 127065.
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Ming-Xiu Zhan, Shuaixi Xu, Pengtao Cai, Tong Chen, Xiaoqing Lin, Alfons Buekens & Xiaodong Li. (2019) Parameters affecting the formation mechanisms of dioxins in the steel manufacture process. Chemosphere 222, pages 250-257.
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Chen Zhiliang, Tang Minghui, Lu Shengyong, Ding Jiamin, Qiu Qili, Wang Yuting & Yan Jianhua. (2018) Evolution of PCDD/F-signatures during mechanochemical degradation in municipal solid waste incineration filter ash. Chemosphere 208, pages 176-184.
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Mengmei Zhang, Alfons Buekens & Xiaodong Li. (2018) Characterising boiler ash from a circulating fluidised bed municipal solid waste incinerator and distribution of PCDD/F and PCB. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25:23, pages 22775-22789.
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Mengmei Zhang, Alfons Buekens & Xiaodong Li. (2018) Statistical analysis as a tool for discriminating dioxin formation pathways. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 20:3, pages 1516-1529.
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Min Li, Chao Wang, Kefa Cen, Mingjiang Ni & Xiaodong Li. (2018) Emission characteristics and vapour/particulate phase distributions of PCDD/F in a hazardous waste incinerator under transient conditions. Royal Society Open Science 5:1, pages 171079.
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Mengmei Zhang, Alfons Buekens, Siyuan Ma & Xiaodong Li. (2018) Iron chloride catalysed PCDD/F-formation: Experiments and PCDD/F-signatures. Chemosphere 191, pages 72-80.
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Mengmei Zhang, Alfons Buekens, Kees Olie & Xiaodong Li. (2017) PCDD/F-isomers signature - Effect of metal chlorides and oxides. Chemosphere 184, pages 559-568.
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Tianjiao Wang, Tong Chen, Binbin Lin, Xiaoqing Lin, Mingxiu Zhan & Xiaodong Li. (2017) Emission characteristics and relationships among PCDD/Fs, chlorobenzenes, chlorophenols and PAHs in the stack gas from two municipal solid waste incinerators in China. RSC Advances 7:70, pages 44309-44318.
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Norbert V. Heeb, Maria Dolores Rey, Markus Zennegg, Regula Haag, Adrian Wichser, Peter Schmid, Cornelia Seiler, Peter Honegger, Kerstin Zeyer, Joachim Mohn, Samuel Bürki, Yan Zimmerli, Jan Czerwinski & Andreas Mayer. (2015) Biofuel-Promoted Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxin/furan Formation in an Iron-Catalyzed Diesel Particle Filter. Environmental Science & Technology 49:15, pages 9273-9279.
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Hui Zhou, Aihong Meng, Yanqiu Long, Qinghai Li & Yanguo Zhang. (2015) A review of dioxin-related substances during municipal solid waste incineration. Waste Management 36, pages 106-118.
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Mark H. Hermanson & Glenn W. Johnson. (2014) Chlorinated Dibenzo- p -Dioxin and Dibenzofuran Congener and Homologue Distributions in Tree Bark from Sauget, Illinois, U.S. . Environmental Science & Technology 49:2, pages 855-862.
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Eva Weidemann, Stellan Marklund, Henrik Bristav & Lisa Lundin. (2014) In-filter PCDF and PCDD formation at low temperature during MSWI combustion. Chemosphere 102, pages 12-17.
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Duong Ngoc Chau Phan, Stina Jansson & Jean-François Boily. (2014) Link between Fly Ash Properties and Polychlorinated Organic Pollutants Formed during Simulated Municipal Solid Waste Incineration. Energy & Fuels 28:4, pages 2761-2769.
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Lars-Erik Åmand & Håkan Kassman. (2013) Decreased PCDD/F formation when co-firing a waste fuel and biomass in a CFB boiler by addition of sulphates or municipal sewage sludge. Waste Management 33:8, pages 1729-1739.
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Norbert V. Heeb, Markus Zennegg, Regula Haag, Adrian Wichser, Peter Schmid, Cornelia Seiler, Andrea Ulrich, Peter Honegger, Kerstin Zeyer, Lukas Emmenegger, Peter Bonsack, Yan Zimmerli, Jan Czerwinski, Markus Kasper & Andreas Mayer. (2013) PCDD/F Formation in an Iron/Potassium-Catalyzed Diesel Particle Filter. Environmental Science & Technology 47:12, pages 6510-6517.
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Jitendra Trivedi & Deepanjan Majumdar. (2013) Memory effect driven emissions of persistent organic pollutants from industrial thermal processes, their implications and management: A review. Journal of Environmental Management 119, pages 111-120.
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Hai-Long Wu, Sheng-Yong Lu, Xiao-Dong Li, Xu-Guang Jiang, Jian-Hua Yan, Miao-Sheng Zhou & Hua Wang. (2012) Inhibition of PCDD/F by adding sulphur compounds to the feed of a hazardous waste incinerator. Chemosphere 86:4, pages 361-367.
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Shadrack Nganai, Slawomir M. Lomnicki & Barry Dellinger. (2010) Formation of PCDD/Fs from the Copper Oxide-Mediated Pyrolysis and Oxidation of 1,2-Dichlorobenzene. Environmental Science & Technology 45:3, pages 1034-1040.
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Stina Jansson, Henrik Antti, Stellan Marklund & Mats Tysklind. (2009) Multivariate Relationships between Molecular Descriptors and Isomer Distribution Patterns of PCDD/Fs Formed during MSW Combustion. Environmental Science & Technology 43:18, pages 7032-7038.
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Johanna Aurell, Jerker Fick, Peter Haglund & Stellan Marklund. (2009) Effects of sulfur on PCDD/F formation under stable and transient combustion conditions during MSW incineration. Chemosphere 76:6, pages 767-773.
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Stina Jansson, Jerker Fick, Mats Tysklind & Stellan Marklund. (2009) Post-combustion formation of PCDD, PCDF, PCBz, and PCPh in a laboratory-scale reactor: Influence of dibenzo-p-dioxin injection. Chemosphere 76:6, pages 818-825.
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Mohammednoor Altarawneh, Bogdan Z. Dlugogorski, Eric M. Kennedy & John C. Mackie. (2009) Mechanisms for formation, chlorination, dechlorination and destruction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 35:3, pages 245-274.
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Tomohiro Kishi, Shota Suzuki, Mai Takagi, Tsuyoshi Kawakami & Sukeo Onodera. (2009) Influence of experimental conditions on the formation of PCDD/Fs during the thermal reactions of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. Chemosphere 76:2, pages 205-211.
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Johanna Aurell & Stellan Marklund. (2009) Effects of varying combustion conditions on PCDD/F emissions and formation during MSW incineration. Chemosphere 75:5, pages 667-673.
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Johanna AurellStina JanssonStellan Marklund. (2009) Effects of Quench Time Profiles on PCDD/F Formation in the Postcombustion Zone during Municipal Solid Waste Incineration. Environmental Engineering Science 26:3, pages 541-550.
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Johanna AurellJerker FickStellan Marklund. (2009) Effects of Transient Combustion Conditions on the Formation of Polychlorinated Dibenzo- p -Dioxins, Dibenzofurans, and Benzenes, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons During Municipal Solid Waste Incineration . Environmental Engineering Science 26:3, pages 509-520.
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Jae-Yong Ryu. (2008) Formation of chlorinated phenols, dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, benzenes, benzoquinnones and perchloroethylenes from phenols in oxidative and copper (II) chloride-catalyzed thermal process. Chemosphere 71:6, pages 1100-1109.
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Lisa Lundin & Stellan Marklund. (2008) Distribution of Mono to Octa-chlorinated PCDD/Fs in Fly Ash from a Municipal Solid-Waste Incinerator. Environmental Science & Technology 42:4, pages 1245-1250.
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Norbert V. HeebMarkus ZenneggErika GujerPeter HoneggerKerstin ZeyerUrs GfellerAdrian WichserMartin KohlerPeter SchmidLukas EmmeneggerAndrea UlrichDaniela WengerJean-Luc PetermannJan CzerwinskiThomas MosimannMarkus KasperAndreas Mayer. (2007) Secondary Effects of Catalytic Diesel Particulate Filters:  Copper-Induced Formation of PCDD/Fs. Environmental Science & Technology 41:16, pages 5789-5794.
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Vladimír Pekárek, Roland Weber, Roman Grabic, Olga Šolcová, Eva Fišerová, Michal Šyc & Jindřich Karban. (2007) Matrix effects on the de novo synthesis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, biphenyls and benzenes. Chemosphere 68:1, pages 51-61.
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Christelle Briois, Shawn Ryan, Dennis Tabor, Abderrahmane Touati & Brian K. Gullett. (2007) Formation of Polychlorinated Dibenzo- p -dioxins and Dibenzofurans from a Mixture of Chlorophenols over Fly Ash:  Influence of Water Vapor . Environmental Science & Technology 41:3, pages 850-856.
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Jae-Yong Ryu & Seong-Ho Jang. (2007) The Role of (Chloro-) Phenols in the Formation of Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans in Municipal Waste Incinerators. Journal of Environmental Science International 16:1, pages 9-19.
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Ernesto Suárez, Dimas Suárez, Maria Isabel Menéndez, Ramón López & Tomás Luis Sordo. (2006) Formation of Trichlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins from 2,4-Dichlorophenol and 2,4,5-Trichlorophenolate: A Theoretical Study. ChemPhysChem 7:11, pages 2331-2338.
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Jae-Yong Ryu, Kum-Chan Choi & James A. Mulholland. (2006) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofurna (PCDF) isomer patterns from municipal waste combustion: Formation mechanism fingerprints. Chemosphere 65:9, pages 1526-1536.
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Jae-Yong Ryu, Masao Takeuchi & James A. Mulholland. (2006) Is phenol condensation one of the major pathways in the formation of polychlorinated dibenzofurans in municipal waste incinerators?: Model prediction vs. field observation. Science of The Total Environment 357:1-3, pages 237-246.
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Jae-Yong Ryu, James A. Mulholland, Masao Takeuchi, Do-Hyong Kim & Takeshi Hatanaka. (2005) CuCl2-catalyzed PCDD/F formation and congener patterns from phenols. Chemosphere 61:9, pages 1312-1326.
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Jae-Yong Ryu, James A. Mulholland, Do Hyong Kim & Masao Takeuchi. (2005) Homologue and Isomer Patterns of Polychlorinated Dibenzo- p -dioxins and Dibenzofurans from Phenol Precursors:  Comparison with Municipal Waste Incinerator Data . Environmental Science & Technology 39:12, pages 4398-4406.
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Jae-Yong Ryu & James A. Mulholland. (2005) Metal-mediated chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (CDD) and dibenzofuran (CDF) formation from phenols. Chemosphere 58:7, pages 977-988.
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Jae-Yong Ryu, James A. Mulholland, James E. Dunn, Fukuya Iino & Brian K. Gullett. (2004) Potential Role of Chlorination Pathways in PCDD/F Formation in a Municipal Waste Incinerator. Environmental Science & Technology 38:19, pages 5112-5119.
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Jae-Yong Ryu, James A. Mulholland, Jeong-Eun Oh, Duane T. Nakahata & Do-Hyong Kim. (2004) Prediction of polychlorinated dibenzofuran congener distribution from gas-phase phenol condensation pathways. Chemosphere 55:11, pages 1447-1455.
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B.R Stanmore. (2004) The formation of dioxins in combustion systems. Combustion and Flame 136:3, pages 398-427.
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Kari Tuppurainen, Arja Asikainen, Päivi Ruokojärvi & Juhani Ruuskanen. (2003) Perspectives on the Formation of Polychlorinated Dibenzo- p -dioxins and Dibenzofurans during Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Incineration and Other Combustion Processes . Accounts of Chemical Research 36:9, pages 652-658.
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Jae-Yong Ryu, James A. Mulholland & Byoung Chu. (2003) Chlorination of dibenzofuran and dibenzo-p-dioxin vapor by copper (II) chloride. Chemosphere 51:10, pages 1031-1039.
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Jae-Yong Ryu & James A. Mulholland. (2002) Dioxin and furan formation on CuCl2 from chlorinated phenols with one Ortho chlorine. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 29:2, pages 2455-2461.
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