109
Views
110
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Adaptive Active Control of Combustion Instabilities

, , &
Pages 257-283 | Received 17 Sep 1990, Accepted 18 Jan 1991, Published online: 27 Apr 2007

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (11)

Dan Zhao & Junwei Li. (2012) Feedback Control of Combustion Instabilities Using a Helmholtz Resonator with an Oscillating Volume. Combustion Science and Technology 184:5, pages 694-716.
Read now
E. KORUSOY & J.H. WHITELAW. (2004) EFFECTS OF WALL TEMPERATURE AND FUEL ON FLAMMABILITY, STABILITY, AND CONTROL OF DUCTED PREMIXED FLAMES. Combustion Science and Technology 176:8, pages 1217-1241.
Read now
S. EVESQUE & A.P. DOWLING. (2001) LMS Algorithm for Adaptive Control of Combustion Oscillations. Combustion Science and Technology 164:1, pages 65-93.
Read now
R. BLONBOU, A. LAVERDANT, S. ZALESKI & P. KUENTZMANN. (2000) Active Adaptive Combustion Control Using Neural Networks. Combustion Science and Technology 156:1, pages 25-47.
Read now
A. M. Annaswamy, O. M. El Rifai, M. Fleifil, J. P. Hathout & A. F. Ghoniem. (1998) A Model-based Self-tuning Controller forThermoacoustic Instability. Combustion Science and Technology 135:1-6, pages 213-240.
Read now
M. FLEIFIL, J. P. HATHOUT, A. M. ANNASWAMY & A. F. GHONIEM. (1998) The Origin of Secondary Peaks with Active Control of Thermoacoustic Instability. Combustion Science and Technology 133:4-6, pages 227-265.
Read now
J. P. HATHOUT, A. M. ANNASWAMY, M. FLEIFIL & A. F. GHONIEM. (1998) A Model-Based Active Control Design for Thermoacoustic Instability. Combustion Science and Technology 132:1-6, pages 99-138.
Read now
D. THIBAUT, O. DELABROY, F. LACAS, N. DARABIHA & S. CANDEL. (1997) Prompt NO Scaling in Diffusion Flames: Effects of Strain and Pressure. Combustion Science and Technology 124:1-6, pages 183-218.
Read now
J. HERMANN, S. GLEIS & D. VORTMEYER. (1996) Active Instability Control (AIC) of Spray Combustors by Modulation of the Liquid Fuel Flow Rate. Combustion Science and Technology 118:1-3, pages 1-25.
Read now
S. SIVASEGARAM, R. F. TSAI & J. H. WHITELAW. (1995) Control of Combustion Oscillations by Forced Oscillation of Part of the Fuel Supply. Combustion Science and Technology 105:1-3, pages 67-83.
Read now
S. CANDEL, D. VEYNANTE, F. LACAS, N. DARABIHA & C. ROLON. (1994) Current Progress and Future Trends in Turbulent Combustion. Combustion Science and Technology 98:4-6, pages 245-264.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (99)

Juan A. Paredes & Dennis S. Bernstein. (2023) Experimental Implementation of Retrospective Cost Adaptive Control for Suppressing Thermoacoustic Oscillations in a Rijke Tube. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology 31:6, pages 2484-2498.
Crossref
Khalid Alhazmi & S. Mani Sarathy. (2023) Adaptive phase shift control of thermoacoustic combustion instabilities using model-free reinforcement learning. Combustion and Flame 257, pages 113040.
Crossref
Yiheng Guan, Sid Becker, Dan Zhao, Jingyuan Xu, Mohammad Shahsavari & Jorg Schluter. (2023) Entropy generation and CO2 emission in presence of pulsating oscillations in a bifurcating thermoacoustic combustor with a Helmholtz resonator at off-design conditions. Aerospace Science and Technology 136, pages 108204.
Crossref
Nilaj N Deshmukh, Afzal Ansari, Praseed Kumar, Allen V George, Febin J Thomas & Merick Steve George. (2021) Effect of position of radial air injection plane on control of thermo-acoustic instability using active closed-loop method. Journal of Vibration and Control 29:3-4, pages 562-570.
Crossref
Nilaj Deshmukh, Afzal Ansari, Praseed Kumar, Allen Varghese George, Febin Joseph Thomas & Merick Steve George. (2023) Development of closed-loop active control method for suppression of thermoacoustic instability using radial air micro-jets. MethodsX 10, pages 102123.
Crossref
Dan Zhao. 2023. Thermoacoustic Combustion Instability Control. Thermoacoustic Combustion Instability Control 443 512 .
Xiao Hu & Aimee S. Morgans. (2022) Attenuation of the unsteady loading on a high-rise building using feedback control. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 944.
Crossref
Juan Paredes, Syed Aseem Ul Islam & Dennis S. Bernstein. (2022) Adaptive Stabilization of Thermoacoustic Oscillations in a Rijke Tube. Adaptive Stabilization of Thermoacoustic Oscillations in a Rijke Tube.
S.M.A. Najafi, P. Mikaniki & H. Ghassemi. (2021) Numerical simulation of heavy fuel oil atomization using a pulsed pressure-swirl injector. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 32, pages 61-69.
Crossref
Roohollah TAHERINEZHAD & Gholamreza ZAREPOUR. (2020) Investigation of a novel pyrogenic pulser in a laboratory motor. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 33:1, pages 134-148.
Crossref
Felipe Gomez del Campo. (2019) Plasma-Assisted Control of Combustion Instabilities in Low-Emissions Combustors at Realistic Conditions. Plasma-Assisted Control of Combustion Instabilities in Low-Emissions Combustors at Realistic Conditions.
Gang Wu, Xiao Xu, S. Li & C. Ji. (2019) Experimental studies of mitigating premixed flame-excited thermoacoustic oscillations in T-shaped Combustor using an electrical heater. Energy 174, pages 1276-1282.
Crossref
Gang Wu, Zhengli Lu, Weichen Pan, Yiheng Guan & C.Z. Ji. (2018) Numerical and experimental demonstration of actively passive mitigating self-sustained thermoacoustic oscillations. Applied Energy 222, pages 257-266.
Crossref
Dan Zhao, Zhengli Lu, He Zhao, X.Y. Li, Bing Wang & Peijin Liu. (2018) A review of active control approaches in stabilizing combustion systems in aerospace industry. Progress in Aerospace Sciences 97, pages 35-60.
Crossref
Jisu Yoon, Seongpil Joo, Jeongjin Kim, Min Chul Lee, Jong Guen Lee & Youngbin Yoon. (2017) Effects of convection time on the high harmonic combustion instability in a partially premixed combustor. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 36:3, pages 3753-3761.
Crossref
T. Poinsot. (2017) Prediction and control of combustion instabilities in real engines. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 36:1, pages 1-28.
Crossref
Chang Geun Song, Jisu Yoon, Youngbin Yoon, Young Jin Kim & Min Chul Lee. (2016) Effects of High-harmonic Components on the Rayleigh Indices in Multi-mode Thermo-acoustic Combustion Instability. International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences 17:4, pages 518-525.
Crossref
Rajavasanth Rajasegar, Constandinos M. Mitsingas, Eric K. Mayhew, Jihyung Yoo & Tonghun Lee. (2016) Proper Orthogonal Decomposition for Analysis of Plasma-Assisted Premixed Swirl-Stabilized Flame Dynamics. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 44:12, pages 2940-2951.
Crossref
Xinyan Li & Dan Zhao. (2016) Feedback Control of Self-Sustained Nonlinear Combustion Oscillations. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 138:6.
Crossref
Zhiguo Zhang & Di Guan. (2015) Feedback Control of Rijke-Type Thermoacoustic Oscillations Transient Growth. Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 34:2, pages 219-232.
Crossref
Zhiguo Zhang & Di Guan. (2015) Experimental Investigation of Feedback Control of Thermoacoustic Oscillations Using Least Mean Square-Based Algorithms. Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 34:2, pages 153-167.
Crossref
Min Chul Lee, Jisu Yoon, Seongpil Joo, Jeongjin Kim, Jeongjae Hwang & Youngbin Yoon. (2015) Investigation into the cause of high multi-mode combustion instability of H2/CO/CH4 syngas in a partially premixed gas turbine model combustor. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 35:3, pages 3263-3271.
Crossref
Zhiguo Zhang & Di Guan. (2014) Feedback Control of Rijke-Type Thermo-Acoustic Instability. Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 33:4, pages 411-428.
Crossref
Shihuai Li, Dan Zhao, Chenzhen Ji & Junwei Li. (2014) Combustion Instabilities in a Bifurcating Tube: Open- and Closed-Loop Measurements. AIAA Journal 52:11, pages 2513-2523.
Crossref
Xinyan Li, Dan Zhao, Junwei Li & Yousheng Xu. (2013) Experimental evaluation of anti-sound approach in damping self-sustained thermoacoustics oscillations. Journal of Applied Physics 114:20.
Crossref
Dan Zhao & Z.H. Chow. (2013) Thermoacoustic instability of a laminar premixed flame in Rijke tube with a hydrodynamic region. Journal of Sound and Vibration 332:14, pages 3419-3437.
Crossref
Wei Wei, Jing Wang, Dong-hai Li, Min Zhu, Hao-jie Tang & Fang-long Weng. (2013) Dynamic compensation based adaptive control of thermo-acoustic instabilities in Rijke tube: An experimental validation. ISA Transactions 52:3, pages 450-460.
Crossref
Pierre Wolf, Gabriel Staffelbach, Laurent Y.M. Gicquel, Jens-Dominik Müller & Thierry Poinsot. (2012) Acoustic and Large Eddy Simulation studies of azimuthal modes in annular combustion chambers. Combustion and Flame 159:11, pages 3398-3413.
Crossref
Dan Zhao & Yunfoong Lee. (2012) Experimental Investigation of LMS Algorithm for Active Control of Combustion Instabilities:FIR or IIR. Experimental Investigation of LMS Algorithm for Active Control of Combustion Instabilities:FIR or IIR.
Simon Illingworth & Aimee Morgans. (2010) Advances in feedback control of the Rijke tube thermoacoustic instability. International Journal of Flow Control 2:4, pages 197-218.
Crossref
Wei Wei, Jing Wang, Dong-hai Li, Min Zhu & Ya-li Xue. (2010) Feedback control of combustion oscillations in combustion chambers. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 15:11, pages 3274-3283.
Crossref
Sébastien Ducruix, Thierry Schuller, Daniel Durox & Sébastien Candel. 2010. Handbook of Combustion. Handbook of Combustion 403 437 .
. 2009. Fundamentals and Applications of Modern Flow Control. Fundamentals and Applications of Modern Flow Control 443 511 .
Nicolas Tran, Sebastien Ducruix & Thierry Schuller. (2009) Passive Control of the Inlet Acoustic Boundary of a Swirled Burner at High Amplitude Combustion Instabilities. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 131:5.
Crossref
Ying Huang & Vigor Yang. (2009) Dynamics and stability of lean-premixed swirl-stabilized combustion. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 35:4, pages 293-364.
Crossref
Simon Illingworth & Aimee Morgans. (2008) Adaptive Control of Combustion Instabilities for Unknown Sign of the High Frequency Gain. Adaptive Control of Combustion Instabilities for Unknown Sign of the High Frequency Gain.
Sivanandam Sivasegaram. 2008. Lean Combustion. Lean Combustion 179 VII .
Kwanwoo Kim, Jong Guen Lee & Domenic A. Santavicca. (2006) Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Secondary Fuel for Suppression of Combustion Dynamics. Journal of Propulsion and Power 22:2, pages 433-439.
Crossref
Jennifer Edwards, Frederick Gouldin & Sandor Becz. (2006) Gas Turbine Engine Combustor Control Using Emission Tomography. Gas Turbine Engine Combustor Control Using Emission Tomography.
Anuradha M. Annaswamy. 2006. Control of Fluid Flow. Control of Fluid Flow 95 121 .
. 2006. Technische Verbrennung. Technische Verbrennung 737 774 .
Jennifer L. Edwards, Frederick C. Gouldin, Fernando F. Grinstein & Kazhikathra Kailasanath. (2005) Reduced-Order Structure of Reacting Rectangular Jets. AIAA Journal 43:5, pages 1075-1087.
Crossref
Ann P. DowlingAimee S. Morgans. (2005) FEEDBACK CONTROL OF COMBUSTION OSCILLATIONS. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 37:1, pages 151-182.
Crossref
S. Evesque, S. Park, A. J. Riley, A. M. Annaswamy & A. P. Dowling. (2004) Adaptive Combustion Instability Control with Saturation: Theory and validation. Journal of Propulsion and Power 20:6, pages 1086-1095.
Crossref
A. J. Riley, S. Park, A. P. Dowling, S. Evesque & A. M. Annaswamy. (2004) Advanced Closed-Loop Control on an Atmospheric Gaseous Lean-Premixed Combustor. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 126:4, pages 708-716.
Crossref
Sungbae Park, Adam Wachsman, Anuradha Annaswamy, Ahmed Ghoniem, B Pang & Ken Yu. (2004) Experimental Study of POD-based Control for Combustion Instability Using a Linear Photodiode Array. Experimental Study of POD-based Control for Combustion Instability Using a Linear Photodiode Array.
Michael A. Vaudrey, William T. Baumann & William R. Saunders. (2003) Time-Averaged Gradient Control of Thermoacoustic Instabilities. Journal of Propulsion and Power 19:5, pages 830-836.
Crossref
Stéphanie Evesque, Ann P Dowling & Anuradha M. Annaswamy. (2003) Self-tuning regulators for combustion oscillations. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 459:2035, pages 1709-1749.
Crossref
D.U. Campos-Delgado, B.B.H. Schuermans, K. Zhou, C.O. Paschereit, E.A. Gallestey & A. Poncet. (2003) Thermoacoustic instabilities: Modeling and control. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology 11:4, pages 429-447.
Crossref
J. Anthoine, M. Mettenleiter, O. Repellin, J.-M. Buchlin & S. Candel. (2003) Influence of adaptive control on vortex-driven instabilities in a scaled model of solid propellant motors. Journal of Sound and Vibration 262:5, pages 1009-1046.
Crossref
Michael A. Vaudrey, William T. Baumann & William R. Saunders. (2003) Stability and operating constraints of adaptive LMS-based feedback control. Automatica 39:4, pages 595-605.
Crossref
. (2002) Active control of combustion instability: theory and practice. IEEE Control Systems 22:6, pages 37-54.
Crossref
Ken H. Yu & Ken J. Wilson. (2002) Scale-Up Experiments on Liquid-Fueled Active Combustion Control. Journal of Propulsion and Power 18:1, pages 53-60.
Crossref
S. Evesque, A. Annaswamy & A. Dowling. (2001) Adaptive combustion instability control with saturation. Adaptive combustion instability control with saturation.
Rajendran Mohanraj, Yedidia Neumeier & Ben T. Zinn. (2000) Combustor Model for Simulation of Combustion Instabilities and Their Active Control. Journal of Propulsion and Power 16:3, pages 485-491.
Crossref
A. P. Dowling. (2016) Vortices, sound and flames — a damaging combination. The Aeronautical Journal 104:1033, pages 105-116.
Crossref
N. PeakeD. G. Crighton. (2000) Active Control of Sound. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 32:1, pages 137-164.
Crossref
A.M. Annaswamy, M. Fleifil, J.W. Rumsey, R. Prasanth, J.-P. Hathout & A.F. Ghoniem. (2000) Thermoacoustic instability: model-based optimal control designs and experimental validation. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology 8:6, pages 905-918.
Crossref
R. Blonbou, A. Laverdant, S. Zaleski & P. Kuentzmann. (2000) Active control of combustion instabilities on a rijke tube using neural networks. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 28:1, pages 747-755.
Crossref
Jong Guen Lee, Kwanwoo Kim & Domenic A. Santavicca. (2000) Effect of injection location on the effectiveness of an active control system using secondary fuel injection. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 28:1, pages 739-746.
Crossref
S. Murugappan, E.J. Gutmark, S. Acharya & M. Krstic. (2000) Extremum-seeking adaptive controller for swirl-stabilized spray combustion. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 28:1, pages 731-737.
Crossref
Boe-Shong Hong, Vigor Yang & Asok Ray. (2000) Robust feedback control of combustion instability with modeling uncertainty. Combustion and Flame 120:1-2, pages 91-106.
Crossref
M. Krstic, A. Krupadanam & C. Jacobson. (1999) Self-tuning control of a nonlinear model of combustion instabilities. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology 7:4, pages 424-436.
Crossref
E. R. Furlong, R. M. Mihalcea, M. E. Webber, D. S. Baer & R. K. Hanson. (1999) Diode-Laser Sensors for Real-Time Control of Pulsed Combustion Systems. AIAA Journal 37:6, pages 732-737.
Crossref
Shozo Koshigoe, Toshihiko Komatsuzaki & Vigor Yang. (1999) Adaptive Control of Combustion Instability with On-Line System Identification. Journal of Propulsion and Power 15:3, pages 383-389.
Crossref
J. M. Cohen, N. M. Rey, C. A. Jacobson & T. J. Anderson. (1999) Active Control of Combustion Instability in a Liquid-Fueled Low-NOx Combustor. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 121:2, pages 281-284.
Crossref
Sangyeon Cho, Yongseok Lee & Soogab Lee. (1999) Active control of thermoacoustic instability in a cylindrical ducted combustor. Active control of thermoacoustic instability in a cylindrical ducted combustor.
Y.C. Chui, A.P. Dowling, K. Glover & S.M.N. Evesque. (1999) Algorithms for feedback control of combustion oscillations. Algorithms for feedback control of combustion oscillations.
S. Evesque & A. Dowling. (1998) Adaptive control of combustion oscillations. Adaptive control of combustion oscillations.
Rajendran Mohanraj & Ben Zinn. (1998) Numerical study of the performance of active control systems for combustion instabilities. Numerical study of the performance of active control systems for combustion instabilities.
B. Hong, V. Yang & A. Ray. (1998) Robust feedback control of combustion instability with model uncertainty. Robust feedback control of combustion instability with model uncertainty.
B.A. Strayer, D. Dunn-Rankin & F. Jabbari. (1998) A comparison between frequency- and amplitude-modulated adaptive control of a non-premixed flame. Symposium (International) on Combustion 27:1, pages 1247-1254.
Crossref
Edward R. Furlong, Douglas S. Baer & Ronald K. Hanson. (1998) Real-time adaptive combustion control using diode-laser absorption sensors. Symposium (International) on Combustion 27:1, pages 103-111.
Crossref
K.H. Yu, K.J. Wilson & K.C. Schadow. (1998) Liquid-fueled active instability suppression. Symposium (International) on Combustion 27:2, pages 2039-2046.
Crossref
E. Haile, O. Delabroy, D. Durox, F. Lacas & S. Candel. 1998. Flow Control. Flow Control 467 499 .
Pierre C. Perrier. 1998. Flow Control. Flow Control 275 334 .
Yedidia Neumeier, Aharon Nabi, Amos Arbel, Moti Vertzberger & Ben T. Zinn. (1997) Open-Loop Performance of a Fast-Response, Actively Controlled Fuel Injector Actuator. Journal of Propulsion and Power 13:6, pages 705-713.
Crossref
J. Hathout, M. Fleifil, A. Annaswamy, A. Ghoniem, J. Hathout, M. Fleifil, A. Annaswamy & A. Ghoniem. (1997) Why do secondary peaks occur in experimental active controllers of thermoacoustic instability?. Why do secondary peaks occur in experimental active controllers of thermoacoustic instability?.
Rajendran Mohanraj, Yedidia Neumeier, Ben Zinn, Rajendran Mohanraj, Yedidia Neumeier & Ben Zinn. (1997) A combustor model for control oriented simulation of combustion instabilities. A combustor model for control oriented simulation of combustion instabilities.
E. Gutmark, J. Stephens, S. Acharya, J. Stephens, S. Acharya & E. Gutmark. (1997) Controlled swirl-stabilized spray combustion. Controlled swirl-stabilized spray combustion.
B. Zinn, Y. Neumeier, B. Zinn & Y. Neumeier. (1997) An overview of active control of combustion instabilities. An overview of active control of combustion instabilities.
M. Krstic, A. Krupadanam & C.A. Jacobson. (1997) Adaptive stabilization of nonlinear acoustic oscillations in combustion chambers. Adaptive stabilization of nonlinear acoustic oscillations in combustion chambers.
M. Krstic, A. Krupadanam & C.A. Jacobson. (1997) Self-tuning control of a nonlinear model of combustion instabilities. Self-tuning control of a nonlinear model of combustion instabilities.
J.P. Hathout, M. Fleifil, J.W. Rumsey, A.M. Annaswamy & A.F. Ghoniem. (1997) Model-based analysis and design of active control of thermoacoustic instability. Model-based analysis and design of active control of thermoacoustic instability.
Y. Neumeier, N. Markopoulos & B.T. Zinn. (1997) A procedure for real-time mode decomposition, observation, and prediction for active control of combustion instabilities. A procedure for real-time mode decomposition, observation, and prediction for active control of combustion instabilities.
J.W. Rumsey, M. Fleifil, A.M. Annaswamy, J.P. Hathout & A.F. Ghoniem. (1997) The role of active control in suppressing thermoacoustic instability. The role of active control in suppressing thermoacoustic instability.
Yedidia Neumeier, Aharon Nabi, Ben Zinn & David Lewis, Jr.. (1996) Investigation of the open loop performance of an active control system utilizing a fuel injector actuator. Investigation of the open loop performance of an active control system utilizing a fuel injector actuator.
Olivier Delabroy, Edward Haile, Denis Veynante, François Lacas & Sébastien Candel. (1996) Réduction de la production des oxydes d'azote (NOX) dans une flamme de diffusion à fioul par excitation acoustique. Revue Générale de Thermique 35:415, pages 475-489.
Crossref
Y. Neumeier & Ben Zinn. (1996) Active control of combustion instabilities with real time operation of unstable combustor modes. Active control of combustion instabilities with real time operation of unstable combustor modes.
Y. Neumeier & Ben T. zinn. (1996) Experimental demonstration of active control of combustion instabilities using real-time modes observation and secondary fuel injection. Symposium (International) on Combustion 26:2, pages 2811-2818.
Crossref
Abid Kemal & Craig T. Bowman. (1996) Real-time adaptive feedback control of combustion instability. Symposium (International) on Combustion 26:2, pages 2803-2809.
Crossref
S. Candel, C. Huynh & T. Poinsot. 1996. Unsteady Combustion. Unsteady Combustion 83 112 .
K. J. Wilson, E. Gutmark, K. C. Schadow & R. A. Smith. (1995) Feedback Control of a Dump Combustor with Fuel Modulation. Journal of Propulsion and Power 11:2, pages 268-274.
Crossref
Y. Neumeier & B.T. Zinn. (1995) Active control of combustion instabilities using real time identification of unstable combustor modes. Active control of combustion instabilities using real time identification of unstable combustor modes.
A. Kemal & C.T. Bowman. (1995) Active adaptive control of combustion. Active adaptive control of combustion.
K.T. Padmanabhan, C.T. Bowman & J.D. Powell. (1995) An adaptive optimal combustion control strategy. Combustion and Flame 100:1-2, pages 101-110.
Crossref
K.R. McManus, T. Poinsot & S.M. Candel. (1993) A review of active control of combustion instabilities. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 19:1, pages 1-29.
Crossref
G. Comte-Bellot. (1993) Teaching and research in acoustics at Ecole Centrale de Lyon (France). Applied Acoustics 40:2, pages 169-180.
Crossref
Sébastien M. Candel. (1992) Combustion instabilities coupled by pressure waves and their active control. Symposium (International) on Combustion 24:1, pages 1277-1296.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.