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Ergonomics Volume 48, 2005 - Issue 11-14: Sports, Leisure and Ergonomics (SLE) Conference, 19-21 November 2003
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Original Articles

The effects of intermittent hypoxic training on aerobic and anaerobic performance

James Peter Morton Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, 15–21 Webster Street, Liverpool, L3 2ET, UKCorrespondence[email protected]
&
Nigel Tim Cable Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, 15–21 Webster Street, Liverpool, L3 2ET, UK
Pages 1535-1546 | Published online: 20 Feb 2007

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Marta Camacho-Cardenosa, Alba Camacho-Cardenosa, Justin Kemp, Javier Brazo-Sayavera, Rafael Timon & Guillermo Olcina. (2022) Haematological responses to repeated sprints in hypoxia across different sporting modalities. Research in Sports Medicine 30:5, pages 529-539.
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Giuseppe Lippi, Massimo Franchini, Gian Luca Salvagno & Gian Cesare Guidi. (2006) Biochemistry, Physiology, and Complications of Blood Doping: Facts and Speculation. Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences 43:4, pages 349-391.
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Articles from other publishers (52)

Xinmiao Feng, Yonghui Chen, Teishuai Yan, Hongyuan Lu, Chuangang Wang & Linin Zhao. (2024) Effects of various living-low and training-high modes with distinct training prescriptions on sea-level performance: A network meta-analysis. PLOS ONE 19:4, pages e0297007.
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Germano Marcolino Putti, Gabriel Peinado CostaMatheus Silva Norberto, Carlos Dellavechia de CarvalhoRômulo Cássio de Moraes BertuzziMarcelo Papoti. (2024) Use of Inter-Effort Recovery Hypoxia as a New Approach to Improve Anaerobic Capacity and Time to Exhaustion. High Altitude Medicine & Biology 25:1, pages 68-76.
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Marcin Maciejczyk, Tomasz Palka, Magdalena Wiecek, Sebastian Masel & Zbigniew Szygula. (2024) The Effects of Intermittent Hypoxic Training on Anaerobic Performance in Young Men. Applied Sciences 14:2, pages 676.
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Zhihao Huang, Shulin Yang, Chunyang Li, Xingchao Xie & Yongming Wang. (2023) The effects of intermittent hypoxic training on the aerobic capacity of exercisers: a systemic review and meta-analysis. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation 15:1.
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Kevin L. Webb, Ellen K. Gorman, Olaf H. Morkeberg, Stephen A. Klassen, Riley J. Regimbal, Chad C. Wiggins, Michael J. Joyner, Shane M. Hammer & Jonathon W. Senefeld. (2023) The relationship between hemoglobin and V˙O2max: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE 18:10, pages e0292835.
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Xinmiao Feng, Linlin Zhao, Yonghui Chen, Zihao Wang, Hongyuan Lu & Chuangang Wang. (2023) Optimal type and dose of hypoxic training for improving maximal aerobic capacity in athletes: a systematic review and Bayesian model-based network meta-analysis. Frontiers in Physiology 14.
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Marcin Maciejczyk, Tomasz Palka, Magdalena Wiecek, Jadwiga Szymura, Justyna Kusmierczyk, Marek Bawelski, Sebastian Masel & Zbigniew Szygula. (2023) Effects of Intermittent Hypoxic Training on Aerobic Capacity and Second Ventilatory Threshold in Untrained Men. Applied Sciences 13:17, pages 9954.
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Baoxia Chen, Zhusheng Wu, Xia Huang, Zhichao Li, Qianjin Wu & Zichao Chen. (2023) Effect of altitude training on the aerobic capacity of athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon 9:9, pages e20188.
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Clément Leveque, Simona Mrakic Sposta, Sigrid Theunissen, Peter Germonpré, Kate Lambrechts, Alessandra Vezzoli, Maristella Gussoni, Morgan Levenez, Pierre Lafère, François Guerrero & Costantino Balestra. (2023) Oxidative Stress Response Kinetics after 60 Minutes at Different Levels (10% or 15%) of Normobaric Hypoxia Exposure. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24:12, pages 10188.
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Elena Proskurnina, Dmitry Martynov, Andrey Yakushkin & Irina Zelenkova. (2023) Non-enzymatic antioxidant blood plasma profile in the period of high training loads of elite speed skaters in the altitude. Sports Medicine and Health Science 5:2, pages 120-127.
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Aneta Teległów, Mateusz Mardyła, Michał Myszka, Tomasz Pałka, Marcin Maciejczyk, Przemysław Bujas, Dariusz Mucha, Bartłomiej Ptaszek & Jakub Marchewka. (2022) Effect of Intermittent Hypoxic Training on Selected Biochemical Indicators, Blood Rheological Properties, and Metabolic Activity of Erythrocytes in Rowers. Biology 11:10, pages 1513.
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Shivani Radia, Ann-Maree Vallence, Hakuei Fujiyama, Rose Fitzpatrick, Sarah Etherington, Brendan R. Scott & Olivier Girard. (2022) Effects of acute intermittent hypoxia on corticospinal excitability within the primary motor cortex. European Journal of Applied Physiology 122:9, pages 2111-2123.
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Anna Lukanova-Jakubowska, Katarzyna Piechota, Tomasz Grzywacz, Tadeusz Ambroży, Łukasz Rydzik & Mariusz Ozimek. (2022) The Impact of Four High-Altitude Training Camps on the Aerobic Capacity of a Short Track PyeongChang 2018 Olympian: A Case Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19:7, pages 3814.
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Yanchun Li, Jia Li, Muhammed M. Atakan, Zhenhuan Wang, Yang Hu, Mostafa Nazif, Navabeh Zarekookandeh, Henry Zhihong Ye, Jujiao Kuang, Alessandra Ferri, Aaron Petersen, Andrew Garnham, David J. Bishop, Olivier Girard, Yaru Huang & Xu Yan. (2022) Methods to match high-intensity interval exercise intensity in hypoxia and normoxia – A pilot study. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness 20:1, pages 70-76.
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Kazutaka Mukai, Yu Kitaoka, Yuji Takahashi, Toshiyuki Takahashi, Kenya Takahashi & Hajime Ohmura. (2021) Moderate‐intensity training in hypoxia improves exercise performance and glycolytic capacity of skeletal muscle in horses. Physiological Reports 9:23.
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L.P. Kozak. (2021) PECULIARITIES OF ETHANOL INTOXICATION OF ANIMALS AT APPLICATION OF INTERMITTENT HYPOXIC TRAINING AT THE BEGINNING OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION. Medical Science of Ukraine (MSU) 17:2, pages 33-38.
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Hakan Karabiyik, Mustafa Can Eser, Ozkan Guler, Burak Caglar Yasli, Goktug Ertetik, Aysegul Sisman, Mitat Koz, Tomasz Gabrys, Karol Pilis & Raci Karayigit. (2021) The Effects of 15 or 30 s SIT in Normobaric Hypoxia on Aerobic, Anaerobic Performance and Critical Power. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18:8, pages 3976.
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Damon ArezzoloVernon G. CoffeyNuala M. ByrneThomas M. Doering. (2020) Effects of Eight Interval Training Sessions in Hypoxia on Anaerobic, Aerobic, and High Intensity Work Capacity in Endurance Cyclists. High Altitude Medicine & Biology 21:4, pages 370-377.
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Anamika Gangwar, Subhojit Paul, Yasmin Ahmad & Kalpana Bhargava. (2020) Intermittent hypoxia modulates redox homeostasis, lipid metabolism associated inflammatory processes and redox post-translational modifications: Benefits at high altitude. Scientific Reports 10:1.
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Kazutaka Mukai, Hajime Ohmura, Akira Matsui, Hiroko Aida, Toshiyuki Takahashi & James H. Jones. (2020) High‐intensity training in normobaric hypoxia enhances exercise performance and aerobic capacity in Thoroughbred horses: A randomized crossover study. Physiological Reports 8:10.
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Petr Bahenský, Václav Bunc, Pavel Tlustý & Gregory J. Grosicki. (2020) Effect of an Eleven-Day Altitude Training Program on Aerobic and Anaerobic Performance in Adolescent Runners. Medicina 56:4, pages 184.
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Miłosz Czuba, Grzegorz Bril, Kamila Płoszczyca, Zofia Piotrowicz, Małgorzata Chalimoniuk, Robert Roczniok, Agnieszka Zembroń-Łacny, Dagmara Gerasimuk & Józef Langfort. (2019) Intermittent Hypoxic Training at Lactate Threshold Intensity Improves Aiming Performance in Well-Trained Biathletes with Little Change of Cardiovascular Variables. BioMed Research International 2019, pages 1-17.
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Ana Muñoz, Cristina Castejón‐Riber, Francisco Castejón, Dolores M. Rubio & Cristina Riber. (2019) Heart rate variability parameters as markers of the adaptation to a sealed environment (a hypoxic normobaric chamber) in the horse. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 103:5, pages 1538-1545.
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Hun-Young Park, Won-Sang Jung, Jisu Kim, Hyejung Hwang & Kiwon Lim. (2018) Efficacy of intermittent hypoxic training on hemodynamic function and exercise performance in competitive swimmers. Journal of Exercise Nutrition & Biochemistry 22:4, pages 32-38.
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Alexandros Sotiridis, Tadej Debevec, Adam C. McDonnell, Urša Ciuha, Ola Eiken & Igor B. Mekjavic. (2018) Exercise cardiorespiratory and thermoregulatory responses in normoxic, hypoxic, and hot environment following 10-day continuous hypoxic exposure. Journal of Applied Physiology 125:4, pages 1284-1295.
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Anna Michnik, Zofia Drzazga, Izabela Schisler, Stanisław Poprzęcki & Miłosz Czuba. (2018) Diversity in athlete’s response to strength effort in normobaric hypoxia. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 134:1, pages 633-641.
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Brad MayoCory MilesStacy SimsMatthew Driller. (2018) The Effect of Resistance Training in a Hypoxic Chamber on Physical Performance in Elite Rugby Athletes. High Altitude Medicine & Biology 19:1, pages 28-34.
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Olivier Girard, Cyril Brechbuhl, Laurent Schmitt & Grégoire Millet. 2018. Tennis. Tennis 32 48 .
Marie Oriishi, Takeo Matsubayashi, Takashi Kawahara & Yasuhiro Suzuki. (2018) Short-Term Hypoxic Exposure and Training Improve Maximal Anaerobic Running Test Performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 32:1, pages 181-188.
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Olivier Girard, Franck Brocherie & Grégoire P. Millet. (2017) Effects of Altitude/Hypoxia on Single- and Multiple-Sprint Performance: A Comprehensive Review. Sports Medicine 47:10, pages 1931-1949.
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Hwang-woon Moon, Sub Sunoo, Hun-young Park, Dong-jun Lee & Sang-seok Nam. (2016) Effects of various acute hypoxic conditions on metabolic parameters and cardiac function during exercise and recovery. SpringerPlus 5:1.
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Fernanda P. Nakamoto, Rafael K. Ivamoto, Marilia dos S. Andrade, Claudio A.B. de Lira, Bruno M. Silva & Antonio C. da Silva. (2016) Effect of Intermittent Hypoxic Training Followed by Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure on Aerobic Capacity of Long Distance Runners. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 30:6, pages 1708-1720.
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XAVIER WOORONS, PATRICK MUCCI, JEAN PAUL RICHALET & AURÉLIEN PICHON. (2016) Hypoventilation Training at Supramaximal Intensity Improves Swimming Performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48:6, pages 1119-1128.
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J. Álvarez-Herms, S. Julià-Sánchez, F. Corbi, T. Pagès & G. Viscor. (2016) A program of circuit resistance training under hypobaric hypoxia conditions improves the anaerobic performance of athletes. Science & Sports 31:2, pages 78-87.
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D.J. Ramos-Campo, F. Martínez, P. Esteban, J.A. Rubio-Arias & J.F. Jiménez. (2016) Entrenamiento en hipoxia intermitente y rendimiento ciclista en triatletas / Intermittent hypoxic training and cycling performance in triathletes. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte 61:2016.
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J. Álvarez-Herms, S. Julià-Sánchez, F. Corbi, T. Pagès & G. Viscor. (2014) Anaerobic performance after endurance strength training in hypobaric environment. Science & Sports 29:6, pages 311-318.
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Paul S.R. Goods, Brian T. Dawson, Grant J. Landers, Christopher J. Gore & Peter Peeling. (2014) Effect of Different Simulated Altitudes on Repeat-Sprint Performance in Team-Sport Athletes. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 9:5, pages 857-862.
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Blake D. McLean, Christopher J. Gore & Justin Kemp. (2014) Application of ‘Live Low-Train High’ for Enhancing Normoxic Exercise Performance in Team Sport Athletes. Sports Medicine 44:9, pages 1275-1287.
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Grégoire Millet, David J. Bentley, Belle Roels, Lars R. Mc Naughton, Jacques Mercier & David Cameron-Smith. (2014) Effects of Intermittent Training on Anaerobic Performance and MCT Transporters in Athletes. PLoS ONE 9:5, pages e95092.
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Olivier Girard & Hakim Chalabi. (2013) Could altitude training benefit team-sport athletes?. British Journal of Sports Medicine 47:Suppl 1, pages i4-i5.
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Grégoire P Millet, Raphaël Faiss, Franck Brocherie & Olivier Girard. (2013) Hypoxic training and team sports: a challenge to traditional methods?. British Journal of Sports Medicine 47:Suppl 1, pages i6-i7.
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Robert J Aughey, Martin Buchheit, Laura A Garvican-Lewis, Gregory D Roach, Charli Sargent, François Billaut, Matthew C Varley, Pitre C Bourdon & Christopher J Gore. (2013) Yin and yang, or peas in a pod? Individual-sport versus team-sport athletes and altitude training. British Journal of Sports Medicine 47:18, pages 1150-1154.
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Raphaël Faiss, Olivier Girard & Grégoire P Millet. (2013) Advancing hypoxic training in team sports: from intermittent hypoxic training to repeated sprint training in hypoxia: Table 1. British Journal of Sports Medicine 47:Suppl 1, pages i45-i50.
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François Billaut, Christopher J. Gore & Robert J. Aughey. (2012) Enhancing Team-Sport Athlete Performance. Sports Medicine 42:9, pages 751-767.
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M. J. Hamlin, H. C. Marshall, J. Hellemans, P. N. Ainslie & N. Anglem. (2010) Effect of intermittent hypoxic training on 20 km time trial and 30 s anaerobic performance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 20:4, pages 651-661.
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Virgile Lecoultre, Andreas Boss, Luc Tappy, Fabio Borrani, Christel Tran, Philippe Schneiter & Yves Schutz. (2010) Training in hypoxia fails to further enhance endurance performance and lactate clearance in well‐trained men and impairs glucose metabolism during prolonged exercise. Experimental Physiology 95:2, pages 315-330.
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Gregoire P. Millet, B. Roels, L. Schmitt, X. Woorons & J.P. Richalet. (2010) Combining Hypoxic Methods for Peak Performance. Sports Medicine 40:1, pages 1-25.
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Darrell L. Bonetti & Will G. Hopkins. (2009) Sea-Level Exercise Performance Following Adaptation to Hypoxia. Sports Medicine 39:2, pages 107-127.
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H. Hoppeler, S. Klossner & M. Vogt. (2008) Training in hypoxia and its effects on skeletal muscle tissue. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 18:s1, pages 38-49.
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Kai U. SchlaudraffMichael S. PepperElena N. TkatchoukIgor EhrenburgNavid AlizadehDenys MontandonBrigitte Pittet. (2008) Hypoxic Preconditioning Increases Skin Oxygenation and Viability but Does Not Alter VEGF Expression or Vascular Density. High Altitude Medicine & Biology 9:1, pages 76-88.
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Bing Yan, Yang Hu, Hongshu Ji & Dapeng Bao. (2007) The effect of acute hypoxia on left ventricular function during exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology 100:3.
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