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Original Articles

The Transition to Independent Research: Who Makes It, Who Doesn't, and Why

Pages 296-325 | Published online: 21 Oct 2016

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

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Zachary G. Arens. (2023) A CREATIVE ABDUCTION APPROACH TO THEORY DEVELOPMENT IN MARKETING DOCTORAL EDUCATION. Marketing Education Review 33:4, pages 262-271.
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Gitte Wichmann-Hansen & Karl-Johan Schmidt Nielsen. (2023) Can hands-on supervision get out of hand? The correlation between directive supervision and doctoral student independence in a Danish study context.. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 0:0, pages 1-16.
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Bethani Studebaker & Heidi Curtis. (2021) Building Community in an Online Doctoral Program. Christian Higher Education 20:1-2, pages 15-27.
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Rebecca G. Mirick, Ashley Davis & Stephanie P. Wladkowski. (2020) Social Work Dissertation Committee Chairs’ Perceptions of Their Role. Journal of Social Work Education 56:1, pages 155-169.
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Gabriella M. McLoughlin, K. Andrew R. Richards & Victoria Nicole Ivy. (2019) A Longitudinal Study of the Transition from Doctoral Student to Faculty Member in Physical Education. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 90:4, pages 699-711.
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Matthew Fifolt & Arleene P. Breaux. (2018) Exploring Student Experiences With the Cohort Model in an Executive EdD Program in the Southeastern United States. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education 66:3, pages 158-169.
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David F. Feldon, Christopher Rates & Chongning Sun. (2017) Doctoral conceptual thresholds in cellular and molecular biology. International Journal of Science Education 39:18, pages 2574-2593.
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Kemran Mestan. (2016) Why students drop out of the Bachelor of Arts. Higher Education Research & Development 35:5, pages 983-996.
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Eva M. Brodin. (2016) Critical and creative thinking nexus: learning experiences of doctoral students. Studies in Higher Education 41:6, pages 971-989.
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Yanjuan Hu, Klaas van Veen & Alessandra Corda. (2016) Pushing too Little, Praising too Much? Intercultural Misunderstandings between a Chinese Doctoral Student and a Dutch Supervisor. Studying Teacher Education 12:1, pages 70-87.
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Sharon Kaye Chirgwin. (2015) Burdens too difficult to carry? A case study of three academically able Indigenous Australian Masters students who had to withdraw. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 28:5, pages 594-609.
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Margaret Kiley & Jim Cumming. (2015) Enhanced learning pathways and support for coursework master's students: challenges and opportunities. Higher Education Research & Development 34:1, pages 105-116.
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Erin Crede & Maura Borrego. (2014) Understanding retention in US graduate programs by student nationality. Studies in Higher Education 39:9, pages 1599-1616.
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StephanieB. King & FrankieK. Williams. (2014) Barriers to Completing the Dissertation as Perceived by Education Leadership Doctoral Students. Community College Journal of Research and Practice 38:2-3, pages 275-279.
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Vicki L. Baker, Meghan J. Pifer & Blair Flemion. (2013) Process Challenges and Learning-Based Interactions in Stage 2 of Doctoral Education: Implications from Two Applied Social Science Fields. The Journal of Higher Education 84:4, pages 449-476.
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Kylie Shaw, Allyson Holbrook & Sid Bourke. (2013) Student experience of final-year undergraduate research projects: an exploration of ‘research preparedness’. Studies in Higher Education 38:5, pages 711-727.
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Alfonso Montuori & Gabrielle Donnelly. (2013) Creative Inquiry and Scholarship: Applications and Implications in a Doctoral Degree. World Futures 69:1, pages 1-19.
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RebeccaJ. Romsdahl & MichaelJ. Hill. (2012) Applying the learning community model to graduate education: linking research and teaching between core courses. Teaching in Higher Education 17:6, pages 722-734.
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Christine Halse & Susan Mowbray. (2011) The impact of the doctorate. Studies in Higher Education 36:5, pages 513-525.
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Susan Mowbray & Christine Halse. (2010) The purpose of the PhD: theorising the skills acquired by students. Higher Education Research & Development 29:6, pages 653-664.
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L. K. Newswander & M. Borrego. (2009) Using journal clubs to cultivate a community of practice at the graduate level. European Journal of Engineering Education 34:6, pages 561-571.
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Articles from other publishers (72)

Aida Alisic & Bettina S. Wiese. (2022) How long can I wait and how much frustration can I stand? Volitional traits and students’ PhD-intention and pursuit. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance 24:1, pages 99-123.
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Aida Alisic, Ruth Noppeney & Bettina S. Wiese. (2024) When doubts take over: a longitudinal study on emerging disengagement in the PhD process. Higher Education.
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Lorena Fernandez Fastuca. (2024) ¿El doctorado es siempre un trayecto solitario? Estudio de caso de un doctorado que se piensa como comunidad de práctica. Ciencia, Docencia y Tecnología 35:70 (ene-abr).
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Osly J. Flores & Oscar E. Patrón. (2021) Latino Men Using Compañerismo to Navigate the Unchartered Waters of the Doctoral Program: A Conceptual Model. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice 25:3, pages 427-451.
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Jennie Golding. (2023) Supporting Doctoral Students in Crisis. Encyclopedia 3:4, pages 1197-1207.
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Daniel Guigui, Daniel Faas, Merike Darmody & Siobhán Nic Fhlannchadha. (2023) (No) time to engage: an exploratory mixed-method study into factors predicting the engagement of postgraduate research students in Ireland. Higher Education.
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Andrea Basche, Fernanda Souza Krupek & Om Prakash Ghimire. (2023) Approaching Effective Mentorship Both as a Mentor and Mentee. CSA News 68:9, pages 36-40.
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Aadhy Parthasarathy, Rupal Nigam, Aanchal Gupta, Tove Kopperstad, Ani Pirosmanishvili & Theresa Saxton-Fox. (2023) Supporting Graduate Women in Engineering: The Approach and Findings of a Year-Long Program at UIUC. Supporting Graduate Women in Engineering: The Approach and Findings of a Year-Long Program at UIUC.
Ailie McDowall & Fabiane Ramos. (2023) Preparation for doctoral research: a narrative review. The Australian Educational Researcher.
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Kelsey Inouye. (2022) Developing the PhD thesis project in relation to individual contexts: a multiple case study of five doctoral researchers. Higher Education 85:5, pages 1143-1160.
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Erin Breitenbach. 2023. Academic Performance - Students, Teachers and Institutions on the Stage [Working Title]. Academic Performance - Students, Teachers and Institutions on the Stage [Working Title].
Suraiya Rathankoomar Naicker. 2023. Doctoral Supervision in Southern Africa. Doctoral Supervision in Southern Africa 113 127 .
Patricia Phiri Nalube & Mwansa Mukalula-Kalumbi. 2023. Doctoral Supervision in Southern Africa. Doctoral Supervision in Southern Africa 85 94 .
Cornelia Ndahambelela Shimwooshili-Shaimemanya. 2023. Doctoral Supervision in Southern Africa. Doctoral Supervision in Southern Africa 145 158 .
David F. Feldon, Annie M. Wofford & Jennifer M. Blaney. 2023. Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research. Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research 325 414 .
David F. Feldon, Annie M. Wofford & Jennifer M. Blaney. 2023. Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research. Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research 1 91 .
Kara-Aretha Graham, Rebecca L. Hite & Jeong-Hee Kim. 2022. Handbook of Research on Opening Pathways for Marginalized Individuals in Higher Education. Handbook of Research on Opening Pathways for Marginalized Individuals in Higher Education 310 329 .
Jieun Lee & Yonsuk Song. (2022) A survey of translation and interpreting studies doctoral students’ experiences. FORUM. Revue internationale d’interprétation et de traduction / International Journal of Interpretation and Translation FORUM / Revue internationale d’interprétation et de traduction / International Journal of Interpretation and Translation FORUM 20:1, pages 65-90.
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Jina Kang, Ryan Baker, Zhang Feng, Chungsoo Na, Peter Granville & David F. Feldon. (2022) Detecting threshold concepts through Bayesian knowledge tracing: examining research skill development in biological sciences at the doctoral level. Instructional Science 50:3, pages 475-497.
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Janet Hanson, William Loose & Ursula Reveles. (2020) A Qualitative Case Study of All-but-Dissertation Students at Risk for Dissertation Noncompletion: A New Model for Supporting Candidates to Doctoral Completion. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice 24:1, pages 234-262.
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Jestin Baby Mandumpal, Debra Sharon Ferdinand-James, Parisa Ziarati, Emad Kamil Hussein, Krishnan Umachandran & Ian G. Kennedy. (2022) Innovation-based learning (InnBL): Turning science and engineering undergraduate degree programmes towards innovation. Journal of Creativity 32:1, pages 100013.
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Kristen Howell Gregory & Amanda Kate Burbage. (2021) Leveraging critical friendship to navigate doctoral student role transitions. Studies in Graduate and Postdoctoral Education 13:1, pages 1-18.
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David Jaitner, Lena Gabriel & Benjamin Zander. (2022) Review Writing as Part of the Doctoral Qualification Process in Theses-By-Publication. Results of an Interview Study With Ph.D. Students in German Sports Science. Frontiers in Education 7.
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Patricia Y. Mudzi, Priscilla M. Jiyane & Nombulelo Sepeng. (2022) Factors that Master of Nursing students associate with study progress in higher education institutions in Gauteng province. Health SA Gesondheid 27.
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Preston B. Cosgrove. 2022. Research Anthology on Doctoral Student Professional Development. Research Anthology on Doctoral Student Professional Development 1 15 .
Yvonne Hunter-Johnson. (2021) A Leap of Academic Faith and Resilience: Nontraditional International Students Pursuing Higher Education in the United States of America. Journal of International Students 12:2.
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Faridah Mydin & Shahlan Surat. (2021) Research Capability: Early-Career Academics’ Perception of Doctoral Studies. European Journal of Educational Research volume-10-2021:volume-10-issue-4-october-2021, pages 1893-1905.
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William J. Bauer & Sarah B. Woodruff. (2021) A science education model for large collaborative centers. Structural Dynamics 8:2, pages 020402.
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Abdulghani Muthanna & Ahmed Alduais. (2020) A Thematic Review on Research Integrity and Research Supervision: Relationships, Crises and Critical Messages. Journal of Academic Ethics 19:1, pages 95-113.
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Eleanor Denny. (2020) Student views on transition to higher education in Ireland: Challenges, impacts and suggestions. Higher Education Quarterly 75:1, pages 113-145.
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Susan D. Porter. 2021. The PhD at the End of the World. The PhD at the End of the World 67 81 .
Brian A. Burt. (2020) Broadening participation in the engineering professoriate: Influences on Allen's journey in developing professorial intentions. Journal of Engineering Education 109:4, pages 821-842.
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Benard Chigonga. (2020) Bachelor of Education Honors Students’ Attrition in Mathematics, Science and Technology Education. European Journal of Mathematics and Science Education 1:1, pages 15-24.
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Stephanie Cutler, Yu Xia, Cliff Lissenden, Francesco Costanzo, Bruce Gluckman & Thomas Litzinger. (2020) Work in Progress: A Problem-based Curriculum in Support of Structured Learning Experiences to Prepare Ph.D. Candidates for Independent Research. Work in Progress: A Problem-based Curriculum in Support of Structured Learning Experiences to Prepare Ph.D. Candidates for Independent Research.
Rachel A. Barnard & Ginger V. Shultz. (2019) “Most important is that they figure out how to solve the problem”: how do advisors conceptualize and develop research autonomy in chemistry doctoral students?. Higher Education 79:6, pages 981-999.
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Anna Sverdlik & Nathan C Hall. (2019) Not just a phase: Exploring the role of program stage on well-being and motivation in doctoral students. Journal of Adult and Continuing Education 26:1, pages 97-124.
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Yanjuan Hu, Xiantong Zhao & Klaas van Veen. (2020) Unraveling the implicit challenges in fostering independence: Supervision of Chinese doctoral students at Dutch universities. Instructional Science 48:2, pages 205-221.
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Alfonso Montuori & Gabrielle Donnelly. 2020. Encyclopedia of Creativity. Encyclopedia of Creativity 250 257 .
Maeve O’Regan. 2020. European Higher Education Area: Challenges for a New Decade. European Higher Education Area: Challenges for a New Decade 253 269 .
Hugo Horta. 2020. Structural and Institutional Transformations in Doctoral Education. Structural and Institutional Transformations in Doctoral Education 275 323 .
David F. Feldon. 2020. Socialization in Higher Education and the Early Career. Socialization in Higher Education and the Early Career 287 310 .
Rosana G. Moreira, Karen Butler-Purry, Adrienne Carter-Sowell, Shannon Walton, Isah V. Juranek, Linda Challoo, Gloria Regisford, Richard Coffin & Angela Spaulding. (2019) Innovative Professional Development and Community Building Activity Program Improves STEM URM Graduate Student Experiences. International Journal of STEM Education 6:1.
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Susan Carter & Vicky Gunn. (2017) Inspiring desire: A new materialist bent to doctoral education in Arts and Humanities. Arts and Humanities in Higher Education 18:4, pages 296-310.
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Katia Ciampa & Zora Wolfe. (2019) Preparing for dissertation writing: doctoral education students’ perceptions. Studies in Graduate and Postdoctoral Education 10:2, pages 86-108.
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Brian A. Burt. (2018) Toward a Theory of Engineering Professorial Intentions: The Role of Research Group Experiences. American Educational Research Journal 56:2, pages 289-332.
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Kirsti Lonka, Elina Ketonen, Jenna Vekkaila, Maria Cerrato Lara & Kirsi Pyhältö. (2018) Doctoral students’ writing profiles and their relations to well-being and perceptions of the academic environment. Higher Education 77:4, pages 587-602.
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Brian A. Burt, Krystal L. Williams & Gordon J. M. Palmer. (2018) It Takes a Village: The Role of Emic and Etic Adaptive Strengths in the Persistence of Black Men in Engineering Graduate Programs. American Educational Research Journal 56:1, pages 39-74.
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Preston B. Cosgrove. 2019. Self-Directed Learning Strategies in Adult Educational Contexts. Self-Directed Learning Strategies in Adult Educational Contexts 90 109 .
John A Bowden & Pamela J GreenJohn A Bowden & Pamela J Green. 2019. Playing the PhD Game with Integrity. Playing the PhD Game with Integrity 225 255 .
Alison Vincent. 2019. The Doctoral Experience. The Doctoral Experience 25 34 .
Amanda Rockinson-Szapkiw. (2018) The development and validation of the scholar–practitioner research development scale for students enrolled in professional doctoral programs. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education 10:4, pages 478-492.
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H. Difabio de Anglat, A. Portela de Nieto, S. Gelonch Villarino, F. Muscará & M. G. Boarini de Dutto. (2018) La experiencia de investigación educativa de nivel doctoral en la región de Cuyo, Argentina. REDU. Revista de Docencia Universitaria 16:1, pages 11.
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Anita M. Santasier & Susan Flannery Wainwright. (2018) Physical Therapists' Pursuit of an Academic Doctoral Degree: Strategies for Success. Journal of Physical Therapy Education 32:2, pages 130-137.
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Hugo Horta. (2018) PhD students’ self-perception of skills and career plans while in doctoral programs: are they associated?. Asia Pacific Education Review 19:2, pages 211-228.
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Jung Cheol Shin, Seung Jung Kim, Eunyoung Kim & Heejin Lim. (2018) Doctoral students’ satisfaction in a research-focused Korean university: socio-environmental and motivational factors. Asia Pacific Education Review 19:2, pages 159-168.
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Eva M. Brodin. (2017) The stifling silence around scholarly creativity in doctoral education: experiences of students and supervisors in four disciplines. Higher Education 75:4, pages 655-673.
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Çiğdem Haser. (2018) Key Experiences in Becoming an Independent Mathematics Education Researcher. Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education 18:1, pages 29-41.
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Sylvestre Munyengabe, He Haiyan, Shan Liangyan & Zhao Yiyi. (2017) Motivation to pursue PhD Studies in Mathematics and Sciences Studies among International Students in a Research University. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education 13:12.
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Zarrina Talan Azizova & Pamela P. Felder. (2017) Understanding racial/ethnic meaning making. Studies in Graduate and Postdoctoral Education 8:2, pages 144-168.
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Brian A. Burt, Kathryn Lundgren & Joshua Schroetter. (2017) Learning from within: a longitudinal case study of an education research group. Studies in Graduate and Postdoctoral Education 8:2, pages 128-143.
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David F. Feldon, Kathan D. Shukla & Michelle Anne Maher. (2016) Faculty–student coauthorship as a means to enhance STEM graduate students’ research skills. International Journal for Researcher Development 7:2, pages 178-191.
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David F. Feldon, Michelle A. Maher, Melissa Hurst & Briana Timmerman. (2015) Faculty Mentors’, Graduate Students’, and Performance-Based Assessments of Students’ Research Skill Development. American Educational Research Journal 52:2, pages 334-370.
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Robert N. Ronau, Christopher R. Rakes, Sarah B. Bush, Shannon O. Driskell, Margaret L. Niess & David K. Pugalee. (2014) A Survey of Mathematics Education Technology Dissertation Scope and Quality. American Educational Research Journal 51:5, pages 974-1006.
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Alfonso Montuori. (2014) Transdisciplinary Reflections on Glăveanu’s “Crisis” of the Psychology of Creativity. Creativity. Theories – Research – Applications 1:2, pages 246-255.
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Yusuke Sakurai, Kirsi Pyhältö & Sari Lindblom‐Ylänne. (2012) Factors affecting international doctoral students' academic engagement, satisfaction with their studies, and dropping out. International Journal for Researcher Development 3:2, pages 99-117.
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Eva M. Brodin & Liezel Frick. (2011) Conceptualizing and encouraging critical creativity in doctoral education. International Journal for Researcher Development 2:2, pages 133-151.
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Meadow Graham, Sarah Selmer & Erin Goodykoontz. 2011. Higher Education and Human Capital. Higher Education and Human Capital 159 168 .
David F. FeldonMichelle A. MaherBriana E. Timmerman. (2010) Performance-Based Data in the Study of STEM Ph.D. Education. Science 329:5989, pages 282-283.
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T. W. Maxwell & Robyn Smyth. (2009) Research supervision: the research management matrix. Higher Education 59:4, pages 407-422.
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Benita J. Barnes. (2010) The Nature of Exemplary Doctoral Advisors' Expectations and the Ways They May Influence Doctoral Persistence. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice 11:3, pages 323-343.
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Shiao-Yun Chiang. (2009) Personal power and positional power in a power-full `I': a discourse analysis of doctoral dissertation supervision. Discourse & Communication 3:3, pages 255-271.
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Cyril Belvis. (2020) Graduate Study at the Time of Pandemic: Notes from a Cash-Strapped Country. SSRN Electronic Journal.
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